Students with Learning Disabilities Offered Success in College :: School Education Essays

Students with Learning Disabilities Offered Success in CollegeRegistering for college courses can be straining for even the most organized college student. Knowing which courses to take, and what order to take them in, can be more than confusing to the already over-stressed student body. This process is even more strenuous for students with learning disabilities.Registering for classes is dependable the beginning for learning disabled students. Kyle Turin, a freshman with Dyslexia, at Northeastern University is dismayed at the lack of attention he feels he is getting. Turin was diagnosed at a young age. He was never officially tested for a learning disability, but he was put into a specialized reading class until he went to high school. Kyle learned how to compensate for his difficulties but felt he slipped through the cracks in the system.They (teachers) figured out in like sixth grade that I had missed a crucial part of my reading comprehension stuff that other kids did get. I wa s put into reading courses. But now that Im in college, Ill have a class of like 150 kids where the only basis of the class is the textbook and in-class lectures, so I dont have the opportunity to compensate in class the way that I used to. said Turin. Kyle Turin transferred to Northeastern University after his first semester at Hudson Valley confederacy College. They asked me if I had Northeastern insurance, and I said no and they basically said I was out of luck. They said I had to contact my own insurance political party and see if they covered the disability test that I would need in order to get extra attention through Northeastern. But my insurance ships company wont cover it because Im over 18 years old. A learning disability is defined as any maven of various conditions that interfere with an individuals ability to learn, resulting in impaired functioning in language, reasoning, or academic skills. The National Center for Learning Disabilities explains it as a neurologi cal disorder that affects the brains ability to receive process, store and respond to information. Basically, among people with learning disabilities there is a noticeable gap between their direct of expected achievement and their actual achievement. Doctors and professionals agree there is no way to pin-point any specific causes for learning disabilities. The NCLD says some possible causes may include heredity, problems during motherliness or birth, head injuries or nutritional deprivation after birth, and exposure to toxic substances.

Rhetorical Strategies Used by President George W. Bush Essay -- Rhetor

Rhetorical Strategies Used by President George Bush afterward the September 11 Terrorist AttacksOn September 11, 2001, the Islamist terrorist group known as al-Qaeda launched a series of terrorist attacks on the United States of America, specifically in the invigorated York City and Washington D.C areas. Nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four planes with the intention of using them as suicide attacks that would crash those planes into designated buildings, or targets. Two of the four passenger jets were flown into the collimate towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, both of which collapsed entirely within two hours of being hit. The third plane was crashed into the Pentagon, and the west side of the building, which is the central office of the US Department of Defense, partially collapsed. The fourth hijacked plane was intended for the US Capitol Building in Washington D.C, but instead crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after the passengers of the plane interf ered with the hijackers. The attack on September 11th was devastatingly fatalalmost 3,000 people died in the attacks, including all of the al-Qaeda hijackers and every passenger aboard the four planes.On the evening of September 11, 2001, in the wake of these attacks, President George W. Bush issued an address to the nation. In his speech, Bush addresses the citizens of the United States, which is his target audience. However, out-of-pocket to the nature of the attacks, people from all over the world viewed Bushs address from their televisions, and people from both the United States and the rest of the world were able to doorway the speech later on the Internet. Bushs main purpose in his address is to issue a formal presidential response to the terrorist attack, but more i... ...s audiences emotions of fear and sadness, but also of patriotism through charged language and by compelling his viewers to identify with the victims, in order to galvanize a sense of anger and commitment to justice, which he is able to achieve this charged language through use of metaphor and periphrasis. By presenting his argument as one of policy and supporting this claim through the formal topics of definition and concomitant, Bush is able to ultimately use his address to beg that America should be defended, because defending America means defending the doctrine of freedom itself.Works CitedBush, George W. A Great People Has Been Moved to Defend a Great Nation. Oval Office. Washington D.C. 11 Sept. 2001. American Rhetoric. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. gwbush911addresstothenation.htm.

Communication Breakdown Essay -- Communication

Ever wonder why a message that seems clear to us is non comprehended by someone else the way we think it should be. How buttocks something we think is stated so clearly become misunderstood that the person we are stating the message to becomes confused? Lets examine the definition of the pronounce communication. Defined by the freedictionary.com, communication is the diversify of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. Merriam-Webster, defines communication as an act or instance of transmitting and, an exchange of information. Simply stated we are sending a message to the person who is receiving it. The idea we want to send should be clear to the person who is receiving the message, but that is not always the case. There are several factors that can breakdown a message in the communication process.Communication is only successful when both the vector and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication . A tra nsactive model suggests we send and receive messages concurrently. If any kind of dislocation blocks any step of the communication, the message will be destroyed. There seems to be an interesting and sometimes disastrous disconnection between what is said, what is heard, and what happens next. No matter how overmuch detail is given, there is always space for somebody interpretation. Think of how many times a teacher can give instructions in a classroom only to discover not everyone did the assignment on time and correctly. The way people interpret situations or sets of facts depends on their personalities, background, experiences, values, attitudes, motives, assumptions, and expectations of each individual. Each individual brings to the situation a diff... ... 2011 www.web-authoring.com Communication Strategies, Power-Ed Solutions, Inc, Carol Dickson-Carr Glenn Standly, Selecting a Topic, Feb 12, 2011 Words Mean Different Things to People, Communication Resource Cen ter, Bacal and Association, work911.com Denise4wm, How to Talk So People Will Listen, ehow.com Glenn Standly, survey or Business Activity, Feb 24,2011 Getting Understood Skills, Communication Resource Center, Bacal and Association, work911.com Denise4wm, How to Talk So People Will Listen, ehow.com Glenn Standly, Class Rules, Procedures and Suggestions, Jan 13,2011 Donnell King, Four Principals of Interpersonal Communication, pstcc.edu, 2009 Kendra Cherry, Top 10 Non-Verbal Communication Tips, Psychology about.com Delia Thompson, Body Language and Communication, SelfGrowth.com Glen Stanley, Selecting Your Topic, Feb 12, 2011

Paris During the Terror Essay -- Papers Paris France Terror Essays Pap

Paris During the Terror This document in its original clear as a speech is an unpublished document. However, beca affair it has been translated and printed as a part of a book, it is now a published document. As a source for study, it has several(prenominal) strengths. Firstly, it is now a part of a recognized historical document. Secondly, it fulfills the criteria of being a relevant document because of the authors proximity to the Paris Terror. It as well as provides good clues about the view points (however biased) of Jacques Roux and others like him living in Paris at that time. On the other hand, while this speechs translation into incline will ensure it reaches a wider audience, important nuances of the French language may have been lost in the crossover. As a result, significant connotations gained from a excerption of French words may no longer be obvious and this may even affect the amount of unwitting testimony angiotensin converting enzyme powerfulness have been able to extract from it. Another weakness this speech will have is its bias. It is very obvious that Jacques Roux is passionate about the role of the government in the persecution of his people. The reader is presented with one side of the struggle without being aware of whether the government was in fact guilty of what it is charged with. The foot notes are also dissonant to interpretation. How sure can the reader be of the accuracy of the information? While reading Jacques Rouxs speech, it may be difficult to decipher certain terms, one of which is the sans culottes. If one investigates, one will be faced with the task of interpreting which version was meant and used by Roux. In order to truly underst... ... by uprightness, merchants and traders should bear some moral responsibility towards the poverty stricken citizens of Paris. Although much of what Roux says can be checked against other documents of the era, his speec h would be of significant use to a historian as except for the translation to English, it has not been manipulated in terms of personal interpretations or open to discussion. It is mainly for this reason that for a historian, Jacques Rouxs speech is a minefield of information about the personal struggles of a Parisian living during the Terror. Bibliography An Introduction to the Humanities. History, Classicism and Revolution. Block 3. Open University Press.1997 An Introduction to the Humanities. Resource agree 2. Open University Press. 1997 www.library.ttu.edu/ul/subjects/humanities/history/

New vs Traditional Teaching Methods :: Education

Becoming a rational citizen is a process that involves a series of lessons which are created to guide ein truth person to create strong foundations for self-judgment and reasoning. Therefore, it is very important to find the right way to send this essential information to the schoolchilds in order to promote creativity and efficiency for the new generations which are considered the calculate to innovation, social and economic growth (V. S.Damodharan & V. Rengarajan 07).In this case, the measure of efficiency in t apieceing besides the substantial presented, narrows down to the process used in the teaching system. aboveboard speaking, if we consider the available methods for teaching today, the debate will definitely occur between the old schooling system versus the new schooling system. Being told what to do to get an A isnt just an experience that my friends and I give birth had in our years in elementary school but its as well as the main characteris tic of the so-called old schooling system. This teaching method emphasizes the theoretical part of learning and it is mostly considered as copy-paste learning. This terminology means that the material explained in categorize is the teachers notes or a book (Damodharan & Rengarajan 04), from the students it is expected to know that information word by word if they want to have a good grade.Since the lessons are teacher oriented mostly, the students are the passive party in the classroom and that leads to less interaction between students in class and no critical thinking for issues being presented. Consequently this lack of discussion in class has a negative effect only on the student because it reduces the chances for feedback or context clarification while lecturing. Last but not least, teaching theory without putting it on life situations may cause students to recidivate interest in their studies since the system considers him/her just as a number in the class and not a valuable person who can lend with valuable ideas for the community. Working in groups and having chances to discuss with each other about the lesson is the main characteristic of new schooling system. This teaching method emphasizes the importance of collaborating with each other and it helps students get more involved in cooperative learning.

New vs Traditional Teaching Methods :: Education

Becoming a rational citizen is a process that involves a series of lessons which are created to guide every soulfulness to create strong foundations for self-judgment and reasoning. Therefore, it is very important to find the right way to send this essential information to the students in order to promote creativity and skill for the forward-looking generations which are considered the drive to innovation, social and economic growth (V. S.Damodharan & V. Rengarajan 07).In this case, the measure of efficiency in direction besides the material presented, narrows down to the process employ in the teaching system. Frankly speaking, if we consider the available methods for teaching today, the debate will definitely occur between the old shoaling system versus the new schooling system. Being told what to do to get an A isnt just an experience that my friends and I have had in our years in elementary school but its also the main characteristic of the so-calle d old schooling system. This teaching method emphasizes the theoretical part of learning and it is mostly considered as copy-paste learning. This terminology means that the material explained in class is the teachers notes or a book (Damodharan & Rengarajan 04), from the students it is expected to know that information word by word if they want to have a good grade.Since the lessons are teacher oriented mostly, the students are the passive party in the classroom and that leads to less interaction between students in class and no critical thinking for issues being presented. Consequently this lack of discussion in class has a negative essence only on the student because it reduces the chances for feedback or context clarification while lecturing. Last but not least, teaching theory without putting it on life story situations may cause students to lose interest in their studies since the system considers him/her just as a number in the class and not a priceless person who can cont ribute with valuable ideas for the community. Working in groups and having chances to discuss with each other about the lesson is the main characteristic of new schooling system. This teaching method emphasizes the importance of collaborating with each other and it helps students get more involved in cooperative learning.

According to Paul Cezanne Essay

Paul Cezannes depictions are regarded today as beingness of considerable importance to the development of modern stratagem. Cezannes use of colour as tone and his heavy interest in the formal elements of composition coat the way for artists following on from him to question what they were perceiving and their ability to visu on the wholey represent what they cut through painting. This essay will be examining the influence that Paul Cezanne had on Cubism and how this elevated the picture into an autonomous object rather than a mere representation of nature.The French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cezanne, although heavily ignored by the principal(prenominal)stream art sp here(predicate) centered within Paris, had a considerable impact on Cubism as he laid out the fundamental ideas from which the cubists would create their works. One of the main key specifys that was central to the cubists was faceting, this reduction of form within the external world and transforming them to geometrical facets, Nature should be treated as cylinders, spheres and cones..See more Examples of raillery in adventures of huckfinn essayCezannes manner of depicting reality with inaccuracy and multiple viewpoints divorced itself from the laws of perceptive construction and allowed him to interpret what he saw in a subjective way, he wasnt interested in merely imitating what he saw onto the bottomvas entirely rather to re-think the conventions which restrict traditional painting. A faint departure from traditional painting as a representational phenomenon has taken place, its no hourlong mimetic of nature or reality but rather holds its own reality within itself and painting and art in general is made autonomous through Cezannes unique approach.Where another(prenominal) painters saw transient effects of light Cezanne had the ability to perceive geometric structures and thus from his search for underlying structure of composition came Cubism and then Abstraction. In the impre ssionist movement, and other predecessors to cubism and post-impressionism, artists werent concerned in dealing with matters of inner meaning within their paintings, they were simply responding to what they saw which in turn gave little for the viewer to think about.It is here that we see Cezannes more conceptual manner of depicting reality by breaking things into obscure shapes and abstracted form, he projects his inner emotion and awareness onto the canvas to represent a state of mind, The painters idea cannot be conceived apart from the means he uses, for it is meaningful only so progressmost as it is embodied in those means, and the deeper his idea the more complete they must be. I am unable to distinguish betwixt my feelings for life and my way of transposing it. A painting must carry all its meanings within itself, and impose it on the viewer before he identifies the subject matter..This parallel of representing nature and self by use of facets and high-keyed colour (colou r as a subjective device) is something thats echoed throughout the works of the cubists, specifically the initial stages of this movement. It seems from this point onwards the painting has run short a picture object, its removed from the shallow confines of our perception and begins to contribute to reality by adding other aspects and elements, He was, in fact, the first Post-Impressionist to make, as did the Pointillists and eventually the cubists, as structural analysis of nature, producing an art of the mind concerned with emotional apprehension of formal qualities in mountains, women or onions and totally unconcerned with the fugitive effects of light, shade and atmosphere. . This manner of painting had seeped into the consciousness of Pablo Picasso and George Braque, although they had obviously added their own elements to form their own individual styles Cezanne had laid out the basis from which the cubists could build upon.Although Cubism can be categorised into three key p hases Analytical, Hermetic and Synthetic, it is all somewhat representational of reality. Pushed and stretched to its very limits reality has been distorted and forms are no longer straightway apparent, the viewer must project apart of themselves in order to make sense of what is happening within the painting. From the painters view the cubists applied an aspect of analysis in their paintings by which forms became increasingly fragmented, this way of depicting objects, landscapes and people was similar to Cezannes work in the way he represented nature. He was looking beyond the mere surface and impressions which met his gaze and focussed on the inner structures that made up things around him, this of course implies careful consideration and a process of analysis. This is something which resonated with Picassos work and contributed to his painting Demoiselles d Avingon 1908, He took his cue in this partly from Cezannes efforts to fashion a way of painting that would lay bare or at least open up for exploration by the viewer the complex process of pictorial representation.Upon looking at the works of Picassos Demoiselles d Avingon 1908 and even George Braques Houses at LEstaque 1908, we can indicate a clear influence that is derived from Cezannes style of this alignment of nature and the artist. In Braques painting we note a glaring colour palette which has been simplified and the use of structure that has been used in order to re-create nature, all of which is comparable to Cezannes painting Mont Sainte-Victoire 1902-04. However, Braque has accentuated certain elements resulting in a more systematic , clean and simplified style, Yet un alike Cezanne, Braque pushes the juxtaposition of different perspectives to the point of contradiction, and underscores it with a quite arbitrary distribution of light and shade rooflines fail to meet walls, spaces and solids are elided, buildings are stacked up over against one another like playing cards, and in the absence of a horizon the landscape is compressed into the space of a low relief.. (FOOTNOTE Movements in Modern Art Cubism, David Cottington, pg. 22)We notice a clear direction towards further abstraction in name of form and colour and as cubism progresses these abstractions are further emphasised until reality is barely visible and only signals and indications of things are implied to the viewer.In addition, Picassos painting held similar elements of Cezannes style and although his painting Demoiselles d Avingnon is regarded as more of a proto-cubist artwork in a way it planted the seeds of his style which would later blossom and carry the cubist movement. He is still referencing Cezanne in terms of geometric shapes, particular colours, the fusions between negative and positive shapes and in addition the arbitrary use of light as he sees fit. Moving away from Demoiselles d Avingnon and focussing on Cottage and Trees (La Rue-des-Bois) 1908, again we see a direct correlation in terms of style to Cezannes and even Braques painting Houses at LEstaque, in terms of subject matter its quite similar fragmented shapes are used to signify a landscape with houses and contorted trees, however this use of shapes is further abstracted from that of Cezannes and Braques and again we see the use of colour being completely redundant in terms of imitating the world. The painting has become a complex of invented forms, singular viewpoints, accurate proportions and visual representation are no longer necessary, Picasso independently emphasises each elemnt volume, line, plane, light and shade even at the write down of compositional unity. The effect is to maximise the dynamic effect of the painting..The emancipation of pictorial elements of line and colour elevated the painting to the picture object, as these elements no longer needed to be used objectively to depict the reality in which we are all submitted to, rather the artists can form the basis of a painting from reality and m eet it halfway through his use of representing the internal reality which he is mentally experiencing. Cezanne used a process of analysis and reflection in creating his work which then influenced the cubists to constitute their own individual reality and project it onto the canvas. The result being fragmented geometric shapes which accentuate certain elements of figures, subjective and limited use of colour and an overall less naturalistic representation of what is directly being observed, this in turn helped painters like the cubists to re think what they were painting and also to think of what painting in general could be.

Hand Made Music Boxes Essay

In a trade where monopolistic competition exists, craftes blend in in a manner wherein producers sell differentiated products from one another, nonetheless similar. This means that the product is not homogenous. Firms lavatory still market their products by the high-pitchedlighting the slight differences in their output. The various producers in this type of market argon selling their products, in this case get through do practice of medicine boxes, which act as substitutes. Firms are able to control the prices in some degree within a narrow range of prices.They enter the market if the profits are attractive wherein they can maximize their profit and are left with excess proceeds capacity. In a market where there is monopolistic competition, there are many firms, which separately firm has a small market share and operates independently from each other. (Salvatore, 2007) Enterprise, natural, labor and superior are considered as the factors of production in the economy. Give n a firm that operates a business in hand made music boxes, these factors of production are important as to gain profit and be able to be private-enterprise(a) in the market.In a monopolistic competitive market, it is assumed that all these factors of production are mobile, in which if these are not being used efficiently, they pull up stakes move instantly to where they can be maximized. (Harvey & Jowsey, 2007) In an enterprise, entrepreneurial skills are needed to manage and direct the other three factors of production to enable a production of goods or services in the market. in operation(p) a hand made music box needs skills from people that have managerial experiences that can lead the firm into a competitive returns through effective planning and execution in producing the goods needed in the market.This will help in giving the business a competitive vantage wherein the characteristics of the hand made music box of a certain firm is made with quality than that of other fir ms in the market. (Case & Fair, 2007) No business can operate without natural or land as part of its factors of production. Land is where the business is being done. It can be a factory, building, agricultural land or office, except this should have a location for it to be established. An access to land is needed in setting up firms. (Case & Fair, 2007) Hand made music box business needs a factory for the assembly of parts and for storing.Moreover, this business needs a shop for the goods to be displayed so that the goods can be seen by the consumers that will buy the product. Access to land and property can raise the standard of production as well as be more competent in the market. (American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 2002) Businesses manage to exist because of its labor force. Firms do need people who can do hours of work for them. In making hand made music boxes, there can be a composition of various assembly lines. These assembly lines are made up of people that will do specific parts in making the hand made music boxes of the firm.Skilled workers help the firm in having competitive advantage in the market. In a competitive market, skills of workers are important to produce high quality goods that can be sold to consumers. This will result in a high advantage of a certain firm that employs highly skilled workers over those firms that employ lesser skilled people. (Harvey & Jowsey, 2007) In every business setting, capital should be present. Capital refers to equipments used by firms to produce goods. The workers of a hand made music box business need equipments for the production of the goods. These equipments will help the production be more effective and efficient.In a competitive market where different firms compete for products being sold to consumers, a firm needs capital that will increase the quality of the product. This will make the firm more advantageous in terms of output and quality in the market. (Harvey & Jowsey, 2007) Given that th e located market is in a monopolistic competition scenario, a firms accept curve will intersect the industrys demand curve at the firms equilibrium level of output and price. (Weins, 1999) This explains why the demand curve is relatively elastic and downward sloping, which can be associated to a flat, but not horizontal demand curve.Firms in this type of market will have less control over price to iron heel their output. A firm that makes profit in the short-run will break even eventually because of a decrease in demand in the long-run, which in this case will result in a zero economic profit. (Duffy, 1993) Considering the law of supply, monopolistic competitive markets might not produce large quantities as a response to higher prices. The hindrance to the positive-quantity supply relation is the market control and downward sloping demand curve among monopolistic competitive markets. noncompetitive competitive firms are considered to be price-searchers rather than price-takers be cause prices will change by the comparison of marginal revenue with marginal cost in every accomplishable price along with the market demand curve. Prices are not placed equal to marginal revenue furthermore, it is not equal to marginal cost and price. Thus, as a result, firms do not essentially supply more quantities of goods at lower prices. (Harvey & Jowsey, 2007) In the short-run, individual firms behave like a monopoly thus they can raise their prices leaving the consumers options to buy similar goods from other firms.As for the long-run, there is a free entry condition where firms continue to occur in the market leaving the demand curve to continually shift leftward until the time when each of the firm earns a zero economic profit. Firms earn economic profit or loss in the short run, but eventually, new entrants will be attracted to profits thus would result to losses until these firms earn zero economic profit. The hand made music box firms will compete in the market for th e available consumers that will purchase the goods.

How Does Marxism Explain the Role of Education in Society?

How does Marxism explain the role of fostering in lodge? The sociology of discipline is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect knowledge and its outcomes. It is most concerned with the public schooling constitutions of modern industrial societies, including the expansion of higher(prenominal), further, adult, and continuing education. education has always been seen as a fundamentally optimistic kind-hearted endeavour characterised by aspirations for progress and betterment.It is understood by many to be a elbow room of overcoming handicaps, achieving greater e flavor and acquiring wealth and affectionate positioning (Education and Sociology 1992). Education is perceived as a place where children can develop according to their unique inevitably and potential. It is also perceived as one of the best means of achieving greater social equality. Many would say that the purpose of education should be to develop every individual to their full pote ntial and give them a chance to achieve as much in life as their natural abilities allow (meritocracy).However some take a particularly negative view, argue that the education system is designed with the intention of causing the social reproduction of inequality and creating a workforce for society. One of the main sociological surfacees that use possibleness to explain the role of education is Marxism. The Marxist scene is critical of the educational system, arguing that it is unfair, and serves to coerce populate into accepting their roles in an unequal society. The concept of the mystical curriculum is key in the under stand of the Marxist perspective.The aim of the hidden curriculum is to socialise young plenty into accepting the role assigned to them by the capitalist dissever. It is argued the teachers subconsciously deliver this hidden curriculum making disciples awargon of the respect and obedience that should be given towards the established organisation Karl Marx, 1983. As sound as this, subtle skills such as time keeping and organisation ar taught. In introducing these skills from a young age, society will accept them as norms and not question there status in society.The correspondence principle is a theory used by Marxists to explain how much of what we learn in school is preparation for our future roles as workers is in capitalist society. Many sociologists who support this principle argue that education is just a means of maintaining social home boundaries. Many argue that schools in capitalistic societies atomic number 18 geared toward giving children different types of education based solely on their social standing rather than by their inherent skills. Under this principle schools are recalld to give sink class children a different type of education compared to their upper class counterparts.Typically, it is said that lower class children are put on an educational track that will prepare them for blue collar jobs. It is thought that the education of lower class children is different because it prepares them to enter the work force directly after secondary school. Schooling teaches working class children to sit quietly at their desk, conform the teachers authority, and also acquaints them with becoming familiar with repetitive tasks. Similarly, the education of upper class children is thought to be geared toward upper class or white collar professions.With upper class children, instead of focusing on preparing them to enter the workforce, there is added emphasis is on preparing them to move on to four twelvemonth colleges and universities after secondary school. Here they are trained to be professionals and capitalists by teaching them how to think critically and instilling in them a sense of responsibleness and authority Frank M Howell 1982 Louis Althusser was a structural Marxist who, through the models of Karl Marx, introduced the concept of an ideological state apparatus.He argued that economic relat ions structure education so as to reproduce these same economic values into teaching. He went on to state that education is part of the system of the reproduction of labour power. Schools work to construe that those who are to do the work will do so co-operatively, out of the belief that the situation is just and reasonable. From this point of view, the failure of so many schoolchilds in schools is not a failing of the system but actually what the schooling system is designed to do. Working class children, who opt out, fail, or find schools alien, are indications that schooling is working successfully. thence, education is not designed to develop human potential, but to limit it. The correspondence principle (Bowles and Gintis 1976) takes this point further stating that education introduces the word meaning of hierarchy and motivation by external rewards. For fount teacher says, pupil does boss says worker does. Hierarchy comes into place in the form of the teachers roles e. g. learning ability, deputy head, head of year, head of department etc. Many pupils are not interested in the subject knowledge they are taught are school, the only reason that score for going to school is to get exam passes i. e. an external reward.This prepares us for the world of work where we do not work for the love of the job but for the wage. Thus what happens at school corresponds to what happens at work. in that location are several examples present in todays society that support Marxist theories of education. The introduction of the offspring Training Schemes (YTS) in 1983 online is one of these. Known as on-the-job training courses, these YTS represented working class and job specific qualifications for the needs of capitalism. Another example of such schemes are General National Vocational Qualification (GNVQs) which are now know as NVQs.Such courses are said to favour the working classes as the structure is mainly coursework based. Many of the courses involve hands on learning which again, teach the hidden disciplines needed to work for the capitalist society and prepare a skilled work force. The Class biased system of education is shown by league tables and examination results and the principle of student loans represents the way in which the disadvantaged (working classes) are priced out of the system. In conclusion of the Marxist perspective, it is clear they take a very critical approach on the education system.The promotion of ruling class ideologies through institutions such as the education system is seen to supress the working classes keeping them conformed to the norms and values of society. The teaching of these values at a young age means fewer questions are likely to be asked and the capitalist society can continue to work as it does, for the benefit of the economy. A second sociological perspective that takes a different view on education is that of functionalism. This is, in contrast to Marxism, a non-conflict approach. Functionalis ts believe that the education system has three main functions.Firstly it socialises young people into key cultural values such as equality of opportunity, competition and religious morality. Education is said by functionalists (especially Durkheim) to emphasise moral responsibilities in society that people should have towards each other Education and Sociology 1922. If these norms were not passed down through generations then there would be a break awayency for individualism (where people believe that they are more pregnant than social companys). An example of how education goes to the highest degree promoting these values is through the subjects that are taught.Citizenship and religious education were introduced as compulsory subjects in schools to see that young people did things with thought for the society. The second function is to do with the skills that education teaches children, from literacy and numeracy to more job-specific skills. Occupational jobs are becoming more specialised and this in turn will lead to more years in education. The final function of education, according to functionalists is the allocating of roles of young people in society. Examinations and qualifications are said to share people for their most suited job.The equality of opportunity took place and so higher talented people are given the most functionally important jobs for the society. Emile Durkheim is one of the main influential and well known functionalists. He stated that society can survive only if there exists among all its members a equal degree of homogeneity education perpetuates and reinforces this homogeneity by fixing in the child, from the very beginning, the essential similarities that collective life demands Education and Sociology 1922. Homogeneity is defined as the quality or state of being of the same or similar nature having a uniform structure throughout online.Durkheim saw sociology as a acquaintance and concentrated on the study of social facts rat her than what motivates the actions of individuals. He argued that education has many functions to reinforce social solidarity in subjects such as history (learning about individuals who have done good things for the many makes an individual feel insignificant) and through the pledge of allegiance in America (making individuals feel part of a group and therefore less likely to break rules) to maintain social role (school is a society in miniature. It has a similar hierarchy, rules, and expectations to the outside world. It trains young people to fulfil roles) and to maintain division of labour (school sorts students into skill groups, encouraging students to take up employment in fields best suited to their abilities) Education and Sociology 1922. Although many of these points are similar to that of Marxism, the functionalists look at the positives of such class divisions. Two more perspectives that challenge the views of Marxism are Interactionism and Feminism. Interactionists take a micro approach looking at what happens in the classroom environment, specifically pupil and teacher interaction.They also concentrate on the way teacher expectations and perceptions of pupils can affect the life chances and educational chances of pupils. Whereas Marxists and Functionalists tend to focus on the structural sides to society, interactionists examine the relationships between the education system and the individual. This sociological group place a strong emphasis on labelling theology. Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor (Deviance in Classrooms 1975) studied how pupils became typified and classified. They conducted their study in two schools by interviewing teachers and observing in class.They found that teachers have a limited knowledge about their pupils when they first grow at school, so they speculate, using the information that they already have, such as the pupils appearance, how far they conform to discipline, and their enthusiasm for work. This is elaborated over t ime until the teacher reaches a stage when they feel they know the pupil. It is therefore a gradual process that changes over time. Through this process the teacher can have an important influence on the progress of their pupils.It can affect the attention and encouragement a pupil can receive. The self-fulfilling prophecy follows on from the stereotyping and subsequent labelling of pupils. This theory argues that predictions made by teachers about the future success or failure of their pupils will tend to come true. The teachers interaction with their pupils will be influenced by the labels that they have attached. If a pupil has been labelled by their teacher as a potentially bright student they may receive extra encouragement to attain the higher marks.Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) tried the validity of self-fulfilling prophecy. They discovered that teachers expectations could significantly affect their pupils performance The feminist perspectives generally focus on how educatio n promotes patriarchy and a male dominated society. There are many different branches within feminism such as liberal, radical and Marxist feminists however they all share the view that the education system is very male orientated and that women are socialised to conform to this dominance thus supressing them.Some of the more radical approaches go as far to say that patriarchy will only end when women are freed from the physical and emotional violence inflicted by men in the classroom and the playground online In conclusion, the Marxist approach takes a very critical view of the education system arguing that is merely reinforces inequalities in society. They go on to state that in teaching a hidden curriculum, the system is only in place to create a dominant and trained work force to work for and fit the needs of the capitalist society.From a young age children begin to be shaped to fit these societal needs and are made to believe that their place in society is already decided for them through norms and values. In conforming to what they believe is normal, societies avoid anomie and complete social collapse as well as keeping the social classes from rising above their stations or asking questions. In contrast to such a negative outlook on the education system, functionalists look at how the teaching of norms and values creates social solidarity where shared beliefs bring together all classes.Interactionists take yet another view exploring the concept of pupil to teacher interaction and how labelling can shape behaviour. Finally, feminists take the view that the education system works in favour of males in giving them a higher status in the economical market thus justifying the suppression of women. References -Bottomore, Tom Goode, Patrick 1983 Readings in Marxist Sociology Clarendon Press (London) -Durkheim, Emile 1895 The Rules of Sociological Method 8th edition, trans.Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition) -Durkh eim, Emile 1956 Education and Sociology Macmillan Publishing Co. , inc. & Collier Macmillan Publishers (London) -Howell, Frank M. McBroom, Lynn W. (1982), SOCIAL RELATIONS AT HOME AND AT SCHOOL AN ANALYSIS OF THE CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE, 55, American Sociological Association -http//socyberty. com/education/the-functions-of-education-according-to-functionalists-and-marxists/ixzz1HN8LoWUv accessed on 13. 3. 2011 -http//socyberty. com/education/the-functions-of-education-according-to-functionalists-and-marxists/ixzz1HNLMioDC accessed on 9. 03. 2011 -http//www. educationforum. co. uk/sociology_2/functionalist. htm accessed on 9. 03. 2011 -http//www. le. ac. uk/education/resources/SocSci/zoe. html accessed on 9. 03. 2011 -http//www. marxists. org/glossary/people/a/l. htm accessed on 9. 03. 2011 -http//www. thestudentroom. co. uk/showthread. php? t=185151 accessed on 13. 03. 2011

Capital Punishment Essay

As a baseball club we have an established array of rules and norms that be enforced by our only ifice system which we as a commonwealth have deemed as the highest power to determine when these rules and norms are broken and what take into account penalisation should be given. We live in a world filled with diversity. Not only diversity in cultures but diversity with people in price of character and morals. Society is filled with both good upstanding people but also those people who find it less than necessary to preserve any norms or rules society has created but instead find a life in crime. Crimes shag range from somewhatthing minimal such as stealth to the most serious which is murder. This introduces us to chapiter penalty or more commonly termed, the finis penalty.Though openly controversial, expectant punishment has its share of opponents and supporters. umpteen philosophers have discussed relinquishs in relation to violence, laws and punishment. Malcolm X is one such philosopher. His beliefs in violence in terms of self defensive measure so-and-so relate to the issue of roof punishment. Malcolm X believed that one should defend themselves by all means necessary when it means self defense. He believed in non violence unless ones life was at gamble and needed defending. In such cases self defense should be practiced. In his famous speech The Ballot or the punch delivered on April 13, 1964 he introduces his principle of self defense and his intentions to work non violently as long as the enemy is nonviolent but also be violent when the enemy gets violent. These are examples of his principles.There are other philosophers that approach the issue of capital punishment in more depth. Hugo Adam Bedau and Ernest forefront den Haag are twain such philosophers who present their arguments to capital punishment. Bedau and Haag offer compelling arguments that as a reader one may find it challenging to choose a side. The fact of the matter is that capital punishment is the most extreme piss of punishment and because of its severity and irreversibility its usage must be very(prenominal) stringent. Both Bedau and Haag discuss capital punishment and take relatively different sides about similar issues. Both construct their arguments discussing issues such as capital punishment and its un proficient application, its deterrence ability and the possible exploit of irreproachable people. Haag takes on the position of pro capital punishment and copes his position in his article In Defense of the Death Penalty.Bedau on the other side takes on the position of pro abolition and discusses his arguments in his article Capital Punishment. Well beat with Haag and his arguments. Haag argues that the execution of needy people believed to be depravityy is a spontaneous abortion of the practicedice system and should be stopped but it does non warrant the abolishing of capital punishment. Killing innocent people is not enough to a bolish capital punishment and thus risking the innocent lives that may be saved by these murderers. These emoluments in turn outweigh the disadvantages of killing innocent criminals and the punishment of capital punishment is beneficial. In executing a murderer it is concluded by Isaac Ehrlichs 1933-1969 battlefield that one execution may pass in 7 or 8 fewer murders because the execution acts as deterrence for future murders (pg. 351).Haag presents us with two choices in regards to deterrence. The first choice he presents is that to trade the life of a convicted murderer and save the 7 or 8 innocent victims whose murder is apparent unless the murderer is executed. The second choice is to allow the murderer to live and possibly lose the 7 or 8 innocent people who the murderer can possibly kill. Most of us would choose the first choice and Haag sums. He argues that it would be irresponsible not to execute the murderer simply because there is no guarantee that their execution w ould help save the lives of potential innocent victims. It seems immoral to allow murderers to live on even if there is even the slightest possibility that innocent lives are at risk. Haag supports this argument by stating that more gruelling penalties are more handicap than less severe penalties (pg. 352).People are less in all probability to commit severe crimes if the punishment is alone as severe. With that said it only seems logical to vocalize that the most severe crime warrants the most severe punishment. Thus, murderers should be punished with the shoemakers last penalty. Haag also uses the situation with current prisoners to elaborate his point of how capital punishment is a deterrent. Prisoners serving life sentences and who are not sentenced to execution relatively follow prison rules and norms because the possibility of a more severe punishment or sentence does exist.Haag states that without the finis penalty, prisoners would find no reason to distract committing more crimes towards fellow prisoners or guards because the abolishment of the expiry penalty presents them with a sort of immunity. They can freely commit more crimes knowing they result not get additional punishment. Not only within the prison context but criminals on the outside world and who anticipate that their crime will result in a life sentence may be compelled to murder as many people as necessary to facilitate their escape. No death penalty threat would stop them from committing more crimes. This is where death penalty plays the deterrent role.Whether capital punishment is at fault for sometimes executing innocent people or positively deterring other criminals from committing murder, the death penalty and its application is the third issue we will discuss. According to Haag the death penalty is separate from its moral characteristic. If the death penalty is complete(a)ly distributed but morally unjust, it would be unjust in each case. In the same manner if the death pe nalty was morally just but applied discriminatorily it would remain just in each case. Guilty people do not all of a sudden become innocent because they escaped it or innocent people dont deserve punishment because others suffer it. Justice and equality are not hand in hand and though equality should be important and practiced it should not affect the hand of justice.Bedau stands on the other side of the capital punishment issue. His arguments testify to prove why the position of abolition is better. In respects to the same issues that Haag presents I will discuss Bedaus arguments Both Haag and Bedau discuss how it is possible that with capital punishment innocent people deemed guilty consciencey are executed. However, Bedau presents this argument in a cost benefit analysis. Haag states that the execution of innocent people is a miscarriage of justice and that its advantages of possibly saving future innocent victims because of the execution of the murderer outweigh the drawbacks of executing an innocent person.Therefore Haag uses the lives of future innocent victims as the advantage of capital punishment whereas Bedau though agreeing with Haag about the possibility of executing innocent people, identifies the risks as social costs (pg. 367). Bedau proceeds to discuss the economic costs that the death penalty incurs. Cost of housing the prisoner while on death row, cost of the capital trial and of the appeals. Bedau discusses the risk of executing innocent people just as Haag but Bedau finds different aspects of it to elaborate and approaches the matter in terms of costs to society.Haag makes two points in regards to deterrence for which Bedau has an argument he presents. According to Haag, capital punishment deters other criminals from committing murder and per the Ehrlich study 1 execution saves 7 or 8 innocent lives and not executing the murderer is a form of irresponsibility when the only reason is that there is no guarantee that their execution will len gthen or save future innocent victims who would be off had the murderer be spared. Bedau argues that capital punishment cannot deter murder but instead it can possibly only prevent it. Bedau draws a tuberosity betwixt the death penalty as a crime preventive and death penalty as a crime deterrent. Haag does not make a distinction and instead only discusses the death penalty as a crime deterrent. It is only reasonable that the distinction be made.Executing a murderer can be seen as a crime preventive if the execution prevents the murderer from killing again. It can also be seen as a crime deterrent if the execution serves as an example and results in frightening off others from committing murder. Now according to Haag capital punishment serves as a deterrent for murderers but on the contrary Bedau argues that capital punishment can never deter the murderer from supercharge crimes but rather it can at most prevent them from committing them. It is unaccepted to determine what deter rence the death penalty proves for the person has already been executed.There is no way of measuring the number of crimes the murderer did not commit because of the death penalty threat. Bedau presents us with an alternative. He argues that because it is impossible to know what or how many crimes a murderer will be deterred from committing with a death penalty threat, it is just as likely the same crimes be deterred by a lesser punishment such as long-term enslavement. This fails to show that the death penalty is a better deterrent than the less severe penalty of long-term imprisonment for the crime of murder.Bedau then reinforces this by concluding that if death penalty and long-term imprisonment have an equal effectiveness or ineffectiveness as deterrents to murder, then arguing for capital punishment as deterring murder is flawed and weakened. In congruousness to his stand on abolition Bedau then argues that there is no reason for choosing the death penalty when a lesser punishm ent can be just as effective. After discussing capital punishment as a deterrent and the risks of executing innocent people that it creates, Bedau presents a different approach and perspective to Haag in terms of the death penalty and its application.Haag states that unequal justice is still justice and that equality before the law should be enforced but never at the expense of justice. Bedau offers a different perspective. According to Bedau, the death penalty is a poor mans justice (pg. 375). Both opponents and supporters of the death penalty agree that capital punishment should be practiced fairly, equally and evenly and that it is a fundamental dictate of justice. The only dispute lies with the actual use of capital punishment. Bedau further elaborates how capital punishment is unfairly distributed.People are sentenced to death not because of their release risks or poor parole but because they have poor defense at trial they have inexperienced or overworked counsels or they are just without the funds for an appeal trial. This reinforces the street saying those without the capital get the punishment (pg. 375) as Bedau quotes. People are not convicted based on their nature or violent behavior but rather on how much money they both have and are willing to spend on their trial. Bedau and Haag present different arguments to similar issues and though Bedau can agree with Haag on an issue or two, he finds a different approach to it and elaborates it differently.Haag and Bedau present very compelling arguments and it is not difficult to understand each of their points. However, personally I would have to say that I take a much harsher and tougher stand in capital punishment. One that is not discussed by either philosopher. Of course in a perfect world murder would not exist and capital punishment would not be needed, but in this world murder and those who commit murder are very much real. Capital punishment should mean a life for a life Lex talionis as Bedau brief ly mentions. In the most literal terms if a person has the heart and willingness to murder another human being then they should be willing to lose their life the same exact way. I do believe in capital punishment being a deterrent to murder but the fact that not every murder results in the death penalty as punishment I believe is a reason why some criminals are sometimes reckless with their decisions.However, if there was some way of knowing how a trial was to end and know that the punishment would be the death penalty, it would have to make the criminal think twice. Some argue that the death penalty is just an easy way out for the murderer. This is why I further will elaborate my point. The death penalty should be specialised to the murder. If a murderer tortures his victim then they too should be tortured. If the murderer shoots his victim they too should be shot to death and if the murderer burns his victim they too should be burned. Now I would like to clarify that this should be applied to murders that are premeditated or intended and not accidental deaths.This should curb to those criminals that had an obvious intention to cause harm to their victims and resulting in death. I can understand the moral and ethical questions this would bring up and the issue of stooping to the take aim of murderers but those are just issues and opinions, the fact of the matter is you take a life you give your life. This approach will of course never happen so I will offer a different one. Considering that it is argued that capital punishment is unfairly applied and that an accused murderers innocence or guilt is determined based on how much funds they have to afford good counsel and appeals then as a way to eliminate this risk every single person who si accused of murder should have the best counsel available to them regardless of whether they can afford it or not.This will allow every single person to get a fair trial and the possibility of executing someone who is actu ally innocent will no longer exist. A person will no longer be executed with the possible doubt that they may be innocent but just could not afford to be defended fairly. If someone murderers another human being then they should be punished just as severely, but also until their guilt is proven they should be defended like anyone else, regardless of how much money they have. Innocence and guilt should never have a price tag.Capital punishment is our societys way of keeping moral boundaries and norms in place. We as a people can have different opinions about the severity of the death penalty but that is all they are, opinions. Whether we agree with the death penalty or oppose it we must learn to recognize other points of views and educate ourselves. Murder is the most severe of crimes and the death penalty is the most severe of punishments. Therefore, each one of us has a choice to decide whether they go hand in hand.

Fast food persuasive essay Essay

Imagine a world full of fast food restaurants. No more needs for salad, just hamburgers and fries. We arent at this point but we are going in that location with the fact that the amount of fast food restaurants went up with 300% the past few years. The amount of pear-shaped children has gone up, unlike their life span which is going down with every visit to the McDonalds or the Burger King. Kids arent realizing what they are eating, and what they should be eating. I fagt blame them, with the amount of advertisements and restaurants, its hard to resist. One of the main reasons this is happening is because kids & teens dont know what they are eating. As they put that burger to in that location mouth they tell themselves Theres tomato and lettuce in here, its not that bad. They are missing the trans fat filled sauces and the oil heat up hamburger. These kinds of foods have no vitamins and lack of nutrition. We dont know the science behind these foods, what they put in them or how th ey make them.Theres been a tremendous amount of controversy over McDonalds burgers since celebrity chef Jamie Oliver demonstrated how meat scraps and sinew are spun in a centrifuge and serve with ammonium hydroxide, which has also become known as HYPERLINK http//www.care2.com/greenliving/pink-slime-now-just-an-option-for-schools.html _blank Pink Slime. This chemical is used in fertilizers and cleaning harvest-festivals. According to Oliver it is used in 70 percentages of country beef in the United States but does not require inclusion on ingredient lists because the US Department of Agriculture classifies it as a suffice not an ingredient even though residues of this process are left behind in the meat consumed. He says, Basically, were taking a product that would be sold in the cheapest way for dogs, and after this process, is being given to human beings. Thanks to the amount of fast food restaurants there has bin a growth of fast food consumers has gone up with larger number s than ever before. More restaurants are selling and more people are buying. This year, there were 160,0000 fast food restaurants counted in America. This is 10,0000 more than last year.

Downstream Petroleum Industry

downriver From Refinery to Customer The downstream sector encompasses the refining, entrepot, statistical distribution and grocery storeing of petroleum produces Refining Process raspy c everyplace is processed and refined into more useful harvest-times Storage The products from the refining process be stored at depots via pipeline, land (trucks & rail) and sea (barge/vessel). These depot facilities are too c entirelyed tank farms or terminals Distribution and trade Petroleum products are distributed from storage locations to the end-user directly or through retail outletsThe major(ip) products produced by a refinery are, Kerosene, subvention Motor sum (premenstrual syndrome Gasoline), Automotive Gas cover (Diesel), Fuel Oils, liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Lubricating Oils, Naphtha and Tar Figure 1. Schematic Representation of the Downstream Business ? The Nigerian Downstream Sector The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) participates in the activities of the oil indus try (upstream and downstream) as well as actively supervising it referable to its strategic importance to the economy.In the downstream industry, FGN regulates and participates through the following agencies / bodies Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) NNPC has powers and operational interest in refining, petrochemicals, product cargo ships and marketing. NNPC has nine wholly-owned subsidiaries, two partly owned subsidiaries and nineteen associated companies that manage the upstream and downstream activities.Those relevant to the downstream phone line are the Pipeline & Products Marketing association (PPMC), Kaduna Refining & Petrochemicals Company Limited (KRPC), Warri Refining & Petrochemicals Limited (WRPC) and Port Harcourt Refining & Petrochemicals Limited. Department of Petroleum options (DPR) DPR is an arm of the Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources and has responsibilities for the following Issuing of permits and licenses for all activities connected with petroleum exploration, production, refining, storage, marketing, transportation and distribution Acting as an agency for the enforcement of the provisions of the petroleum Act, NNPC Art or any different enactment. Petroleum Products price Regulatory Agency (PPPRA) The PPPRA came to being from a Special Committee that was set up to review Petroleum Products Supply and Distribution (SCRPPSD) drawn from conglomerate stakeholders and other interest groups to look into the problems of the downstream petroleum sector. The functions of PPPA are To determine the pricing policy of petroleum products To regulate the supply and distribution of petroleum products To create an discipline databank through liaison with all relevant agencies to facilitate the making of informed and realistic decisions on pricing policies To moderate volatilities in petroleum products prices, while ensuring conjectural returns to operators To establish parameters and codes of conduct for all operators in the d ownstream sector. Petroleum Equalisation Fund (PEF) The PEF fund board was established to equalize the transport cost arising from the distribution of petroleum products to all parts of the country i. . the cost of transporting products from source to point of sales. This is to ensure that petroleum products are made available in all retail outlets at uniform prices in Nigeria, and to avoid shortage of petroleum products. Petroleum Subsidy Fund (PSF) is a pool of funds budgeted by FGN to stabilise the internal prices of petroleum products against the volatility in international crude and products prices. CBN is the custodian of the fund, while PPPRA administers it.Claims from / payment into the fund is subjected to duly verified volume of products lifted out of the clear depot and sold in-line with recommended open market prices. ? Marketing Companies The Nigerian downstream industry is comprised of two groups of marketing companies Major Marketers The companies in this group include AP Plc, Conoil Plc, Mobil Oil Plc, OANDO Plc, Total Nigeria Plc and Chevron Oil Nigeria Plc and accounted for 71% of total petroleum products sold. They belong to trade association called Major Oil Marketers Association of Nigeria (MOMAN). self-directed Marketers The Independent marketers, comprises largely indigenous petroleum marketing companies. The FGN introduced the Independent Marketing Scheme in 1978 because of petroleum products shortage of the 1970s and the lack of sufficient investment by major marketing companies in the rural areas. This led to the establishment of the Independent Marketers Association of Nigeria (IPMAN) in 1982. Membership is open to every independent marketer duly licenced and authorised to operate by the NNPC or other appropriate organisation in charge of this function.The trade group of these companies is referred to as the independent Marketers Association of Nigeria (IPMAN). Examples of Independent marketers are Zenon Petroleum, Capital O il & Gas and Ascon Oil & Gas. OANDO Marketing Limited (OML) Oando Marketing Limited one of the companies within the Oando Plc group, is a leading oil and suck marketing company with over 500 retail outlets and a commercial clientele base that cuts across all industry sectors such as manufacturing, construction, oil & gas and telecommunications in Nigeria and the West Africa sub region.OML has been in the business of marketing and supply of petroleum products since 1956. OML markets a wide range of products including Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil ( ago also known as Diesel), Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK), Aviation Turbine Kerosene(ATK), Low Pour Fuel Oil (LPFO), Lubricating Oils and Greases, Insecticides, Bitumen, Chemicals, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG, also known as Cooking gas) and Oando insecticide Products and Uses AGO enkindle for some vehicles and marine vessels as well as for powering generatorsPMS fuel for most vehicles DPK fuel for cooking stove and used as a solvent to produce specialized products for road construction ATK fuel for aircraft LPFO fuel for power generation and for heating Lubricants lubricating oil for vehicles and equipments Bitumen used in the construction industry for paving roads LPG used as cooking and heating gas. Departments The departments in OML can be classified under the following Core Retail, Commercial, Marketing, trading operations & Logistics and Engineering & Terminal.Support Finance, merged Services (HR, HCM, Legal and Procurement & Services), ICA, EHSQ, Service Standards and Corporate & Marketing Communications. ? Retail Business Management and sales of Oando products to clients via sales outlets (over 500) nationwide is the function of the retail department. The sales focus is centred on the Total White Products (PMS, AGO and HHK), while Lubricants, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Insecticide sales provide a diversified revenue source for the team. StructureSales is managed by complica tion Managers located across the country, with each having responsibility over specific territories referred to as branches. Their activities are coordinated by Branch Coordination Managers and the department is led by the master(prenominal) Sales Officer Retail, with overall responsibility for all activities. Retail Outlets Company Owned Service Station (COSS) The stations under this category are owned by OML and dealers are appointed to operate the stations on OMLs behalf. Third Party Owned These are outlets owned by triad parties, which carry OMLs colour and brand.OMLs main responsibility is to supply these outlets with petroleum products and on their part the owners of the outlets agree to operate in accordance to standards hold by both parties. There are two types of third party outlets oGallonage The stations and equipment under this category are fully owned by the third parties, while OML brands the outlets and supply products to it. oLoan Delivery and Equipment (LDE) Here, OML provides equipments such as pumps, generators and canopies, as well as branding and supply of products.The retail outlets also inspection and repair as business opportunities via Non-Fuel Revenue (NFR) activities (such as Quick Service Restaurants) that maximize the returns on shareholders investments, improve asset utilisation and maximize our medium-long term capital gains. Commercial Department The outcome function of the commercial department is the sale of products (AGO, PMS, DPK, ATK, LPFO, Lubricants, Bitumen and LPG) to large volume end users hinged on effective relationship management. Sales are usually made in bulk to clients most often on pre-determined trade terms basis.Structure Sales is managed by Branch Managers located across the country, with each having responsibility over specific territories referred to as branches. Their activities are coordinated by Commercial Service Managers, based in the head office in Lagos. The department is led by the Chief S ales Officer, with overall responsibility for the activities above as well as for the below-mentioned specialized units Marine Unit sale of petroleum products to (and management of relationship) upstream oil & gas companies as well as their service providers Aviation Unit sale of ATK and management of relationship with airlines. Services The commercial department adjure a arrange of service in conjunction to the products it markets as it realized that customers want much more than just the products. Examples of such services include trafficker Managed Inventory (VMI) Scheme The Oando In-Support scheme (our in-house model of the VMI) is a means of optimizing customers supply chain, whereby Oando becomes responsible for maintaining the inventory level of petroleum products at its customers location.The major benefit of this to the customer is that it can focus on its shopping center function while Oando manages petroleum products inventory. For Oando, the VMI scheme allows it to secure Oando Sea Station This is a Ship-to-Shore and Shore-to-Ship service station that provides fuels and lubricants for deportation companies, marine logistics companies operating in the Niger-Delta coastline as well as energy services organizations providing prevail to the upstream exploration and production companies operating in thick water coastal shores of Nigeria.Supply Contract This service allows customers the opportunity to enjoy a fairly stable price regime at a committed volume over a period of time. It is a modified form of In-support suitable for customers whose operations cannot permit full inventory take over. Marketing The core function of the marketing department is to initiate business deals and provide platforms to enable the sales departments (retail & commercial) effectively achieve their goals and objectives. Structure The department is led by the Head, Marketing with overall responsibility for the following unitsLubricants Unit The Lubricants unit is responsible for marketing Oandos lubricants by creating product awareness through marketing promotions and supporting sales drive of lubricants in line with Oandos goals and objectives. The unit also develops a high calibre technical sales support function while ensuring product quality assurance, cost management and service delivery to customers. A core responsibility of this unit is constantly identifying and initiating new/additional product lines for various point consumer markets.LPG Unit The LPG Unit is primarily aimed at sourcing for product, providing support and devising innovative selling methods to the sales team to ensure they meet their volume and margin targets as well as satisfying their customers needs. The team also provides the sales team with market intelligence to ensure that they strategically positioned to make sales. The unit, in addition, serves as an embrasure between the sales team and other support units within the organization i. e. Logistics, CCU, Eng ineering and EHSQ.Non-Fuel Revenue (NFR) Unit The Non-Fuels Revenue (NFR) unit is a strategic world-class developed to complement the shrinking margins on sales of fuel products and tap into the emerging opportunities of Non-fuel business from Retail outlets. Non-fuel offerings in retail outlets can also serve as a customer pull to increase fuel sales. Some NFR offerings include Quick Service Restaurants (QSR), Automatic Teller Machines, Rent contribution from static assets (warehouses and offices), Income from Telecom Mast sites, revamp and increase lube bay rentals & lubes contribution to stations and car wash operation.Bulk Products Unit The Bulk unit is responsible for ontogeny and executing marketing plans to support the sales team in achieving their objectives in the sales of Bitumen and LPFO. The unit provides useful information about the construction sector of the economy, market trends, competitors activities and consumer preferences that helps in taking business decis ions. It also provides back-end support for improving the quality of service delivery in our Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) concept. ? Operations & Logistics DepartmentThe Operations & Logistics (O&L) department is primarily responsible for product sourcing and distribution to customers. O&L is also responsible for product storage via warehouses and LPG congeals, and Lubricants blending via the Kaduna Lubricants Plant (KLP). Management of products at the terminals is handled by Engineering & Terminals department. Structure The department is structured into four units, each with a head responsible for activities in the unit. Overall departmental responsibility is with the General Manager, Operations & Logistics. Logistics oInbound supply planning and product receipt oTrade Procurement & Products product sourcing oOutbound handles product received from NNPC depots oFleet Management of relationship with transporters. Customer consider Unit oScheduling handle delivery request and schedule the trucks oDispatch prepare the trucks for trips oFleet work with the transporters oCall Center handle inquiries and complaints. Warehouse & LPG Plant oWarehouse storage locations for Lubricants and Oando Insecticide before last distribution to customers.Lubricants are received at the warehouses from KLP, while with Oando Insecticide (currently being imported), product is received into Apapa for distribution other warehouses. Currently, OML has 14 warehouses across the county. oLPG Filing Plants storage locations for LPG. Currently OML has 7 plants across the country. Kaduna Lube Plant consists of two blending plants both located in Kaduna with combined capacity of 55 million litres per annum producing various range of lubricant products for commercial and retail customers. Terminals & Engineering DepartmentThe Engineering & Terminals department is responsible for managing infrastructural assets across board inclusive of the operations at storage terminals. Structu re There are two main units Terminals are storage locations (exclusive of warehouses and LPG Plants) where products are received, stored and eventually distributed. The following are the terminals owned by OML oApapa Terminal 1 oApapa Terminal 2 oApapa Joint Venture (with Total Nigeria Plc) oOnne Terminal, Port Harcourt oPort Harcourt Terminal. Each of these locations is headed by a Terminal Manager TM who reports to the Head of Terminals & Engineering.OML also stores product at third party locations such as Lister. Currently, Oando Terminals has capacity for holding various products as follows oPMS 80 meg Litres oAGO 33 Million Litres oLPFO 5. 67 Million Litres oHHK 5 Million Litres oBitumen 10,000 Metric Tonnes. Engineering execution of capital projects and alimony of equipments and facilities. The activities in this unit are grouped as shown below oProject oversees capital projects slight than N100M oRetail Network Maintenance oversees maintenance and deployment of re tail outlet equipment Retail Facility Maintenance oversees maintenance of retail outlet infrastructure oTerminal & Depot Maintenance oversees maintenance of facilities and equipments at terminals and depots Support Departments Environment, Health, Safety, Security and Quality Assurance (EHSSQ) reduce operational and accident cost, eliminate down time, ensure total compliance with regulatory and statutory requirements, deliver world class quality products and services to enhance customer satisfaction, while guarantying sustainable development in line with the Oando vision.Internal Control & scrutinise (ICA) safeguarding OMLs assets, ensuring operational efficiency, ensuring compliance with applicable laws and regulations and ensuring the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. Service Standards ensures and monitors service standards across various locations. Finance provide OML with financial support for business and operational planning. OML Finance (head office) is divided into three main units namely oTreasury oManagement Information System Financial Control. Corporate Services supports OML business via the following services oLegal provide OML with cost-effective and efficient legal services support to and manage the inherent risks in OMLs businesses oProcurement assist OML in the acquisition of goods and services oHuman Resource provide OML with effective people management solutions. Marketing Communications promote OMLs marketing initiatives through strategic product promotion and sales promotion.

Individual Diff and diversity

Describe some beliefs that are commonly held about leaders, autobuss and/or other employments Over the period of observations, experience, reading we believe some common features of assorted characters in our life. These observations might be situational or might depend on socio economic structure and values of an Individual. These beliefs might be different for different persons. barely for a certain professions there are some common beliefs for some specific characters.For example common people always believe that a manager/leader will be very responsible, smart, strict what one normally experience In books, cinemas or personally over a period of judgment of conviction while grew up. Same message Susan Cain tried to explain about Introverts. Introverts are believed to be very shy and not fit to be leaders/managers. tho the study shows the opposite about the Introverts. These beliefs are different for different professions. It might be different In some socio-economic structur e than other. Obsessions we expect the behavior of the profession to behave accordingly the Idea, perception we have in our mind. For example when we think about a doctor first we think about their help and committal to save our life and we expect to behave/ perform the doctor accordingly. As a human when these professions behave per our expectation, the perception about those characters will be favourable to us and we start liking those characters. Its totally different to us when these characters dont fulfill ones expectation.How do these beliefs help or hinder our ability to lead effectively? As a leader sometimes the perception/expectation helps to manage the subordinates immensely. It helps the leader to love, listen, depend, and rely on these subordinates which will definitely increase the productivity of the team. At the homogeneous time wrong perception or evaluating the expectations wrongly create issues between the leaders and the subordinates and hence the productivity of the team.

National Occupational Standards: Health and Social Care Essay

1.2 Explain why reflecting on work activities is an important authority to develop own intimacy and acquirements Reflecting on work activities in an important mien to develop acquaintance, skills and form it enables us to reach our goals, chance on a better understanding of ourselves, egotism-awareness, strengths and weaknesses. To be able to reflect on how individuals are doing and to transfer knowledge to our practice. The things that I know or what I simulatet know, how to strike some goals, achievements and where I need to improve. 1.3 Describe ways to ensure that personal attitudes and beliefs do not encumber the note of work To be able to ensure that personal attitudes and beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work you must not let your own personal feelings get in the way of doing your vocation correctly, treat everybody as an equal and work to support the residents needs, have a positive attitude towards both of the residents we feign care of, ensure we foll ow all policies and procedures of our work setting without making any expectation. overly to respect the rights of eachof the residents and do not allow prejudice in the work setting and put across everybody the same opportunities, regardless of our opinion. Outcome 2 Understand how cultivation activities drop develop knowledge, skills and understanding memorise moreunderstand how to handle information in social care2.1 Describe how a accomplishment activity has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding acquire activities can improve an individuals knowledge, skill and understanding by providing us with upstart ideas, such as something we may have never encountered before. Learning activities also give the individual new areas of learning, such as subjects and topics that you may have not antecedently covered. And courses on things that make the job easier, or even legally required courses that produce great new areas of learning that allow us to perform our job rol e, such as manual handling or medication training. It also enables us to apply theories or ideas into practice and discover if they are successful in doing what we intend them to, which in turn is great in developing our self confidence. Confidence is often the cay in making strides with a difficult individual or even with self improvement, and with being reassured it allows us to learn at an easier pace, which also develops our skills into more tangible tools that we understand.2.2 Describe how reflecting on a blot has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding Reflecting on a situation can improve an individual greatly by providing personal insight on a subject, which leads to a better understanding of a topic, we can reflect on how well we performed and in what ways our performance could be improved. By reflecting we can consider how effective our practice is by thinking about peoples reactions to us. About how there may have been opposite outcomes, and how to reach t hose outcomes, eliminating the bad paths and highlighting the more positive conclusions, in hope of stretching them the next time we face the same situation.2.3 Describe how feedback from former(a)s has developed own knowledge, skills and understanding Having feedback from others and being free to listen to that feedback, as well as use it to your advantage is a huge part of self improvement, and plays a massive role in developing our knowledge, skills and understanding of certain things. Such as the way you speak to someone, as youre talking and joking you might believe that the subjects you breach are dead acceptable, but the gain user you are communicating with may not want to show they dont want to talk about it either out of politeness or some other motive, but another member of staffmay be able to recognize this, and discuss it with you charm they give out feedback which lets you identify the area for improvement.Feedback can increase problem solving capabilities by allow ing you to take in a situation from anothers perspective, and approaching a previous problem in a way that you have discovered by listening to others, they will tell you their perspectives and how they might acquire with a situation in a more appropriate way. Perhaps in the form of advice or even just a little more information on how a certain table service user likes to be treated. Changing the way to act around someone can have a massive impact on them, and sometimes feedback is the only way to identify this. Outcome 3 complete how a personal development program can contribute to own learning and development3.1 fructify the term personal development planPersonal Development Plan is a term which describes an concord way of recording information such as agreed objectives in regards to an individual, proposals on how to tally those objectives and the activities to follow. Including timescales for reviews amongst other things, and dates to assess the progress of any of the ab ove, though the term personal development plan may not be used exactly 3.2 Identify who could be involved in the personal development plan process There are many people who may be involved with certain service users personal development plan, these include but are not limited to people such asThe individualCarersAdvocatesSupervisorLine managerEmployerOther professionals. (nurses or doctors e.g.)3.3 Identify sources of support for own learning and development Support for own learning and development exists in many places both in the study and outside of the workplace. Such as Formal support (Government funded schemes and make-ups)A supervisionAn appraisalWithin the organizationOutside of the organization. (people with experience and knowledge that you can speak to that exist outside of your workplace, such as family and friends.) 3.4 tendency the benefits of using a personal development plan to identify ongoing improvements in own knowledge and understanding The benefits to hav ing personal development plans in place include Focusing on what an individual wants to achieve and how to achieve it To develop greater self awareness of training needsIncreasing the understanding of how to meet those needsIt provides evidence to show how and what approach was taken in the attempt to improve your own knowledge and understanding

Gelatin Hairgel

An Investigatory Project Presented to the capability of the Laboratory High School MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY BUUG Datu Panas, Buug, Zamboanga Sibugay In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Fourth High School By GERRICK PAGUIA DHAINA DANE SEIT FERDINAND PABLO DAPHNE NARZABAL GEMMA JOY RUFLO MARCH 2012 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Hair styling products brush aside be expensive and unhealthy, but you can protect your health and your wallet by making some of these products at home. It is possible to avoid the savage chemicals, artificial fragrances and dyes frequently found in store-bought goods.Creating your own tomentumsbreadth c atomic number 18 products allows you to have execute control over what goes into them. Making hair gelatine from colloidal gel is a very candid act that requires only a few ingredients. The investigators believe this force field provides evidence that if you are look for internal hair gel that will not only keep your hair looking pretty but ove rly save you money and also to prove that there are safer alternative hair gel. One of the ingredients is gelatin which is a natural product that comes from collagen, the group of proteins found in the kin, connective tissue and bones of mammals. Youre probably long-familiar with gelatin as a quick-setting dessert, although its also used to make accredited confections, like marshmallows. In order to be considered food-grade for humans gelatin must undergo hydrolysis, which is a chemical reaction in which water molecules are split into hydrogen molecules. This breaks down the collagen bonds in the material so that they can be reordered when heated and cooled. When introduced to water, gelatin forms a colloid gel, which means its molecular components are evenly discharge through the mixture.This is what gives gelatin desserts their texture and form. The investigators want to prove that gelatin is able to serve as an stiff and safe alternative to commercial hair gel. Statement of t he Study The primary aim of this study is to catch out how useful does gelatin in making it as a hair gel. To prove that if you are looking for natural hair gel that will not only keep your hair looking beautiful but also save you money and also to prove that there are safer alternative hair gel.Significance of the Study To the people using commercial hair gel, the result of this investigatory will hopefully facilitate them choose the safer alternative hair gel and less expensive hair gel. They will also be guided on how to make this alternative hair gel. This would be the basis for guiding them in our economy. mise en scene and Limitation This study will be conducted to determine how useful does gelatin in making it as a hair gel. This is only determined on the result of the investigatory. Definition of Terms jellyatin.Is a natural product that comes from collagen, the group of proteins found in the skin, connective tissue and bones of mammals. Youre probably familiar with gela tin as a quick-setting dessert, although its also used to make certain confections, like marshmallows. In order to be considered food-grade for humans gelatin must undergo hydrolysis, which is a chemical reaction in which water molecules are split into hydrogen molecules. This breaks down the collagen bonds in the material so that they can be reordered when heated and cooled.Hair Gel. A jelly-like substance applied to the hair before styling in order to retain the anatomy of the style. Alternative Hair Gel. is a hairstyling product that is used to stiffen hair into a particular hairstyle. The results it produces are usually similar to, but stronger than, those of hair spray and hair wax, and weaker than those of hair glue. Chapter II REVIEW OF think LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter discusses are reviews literature related to this study. Similar studies, researches and other literature are presented here under.In the study of Becky Mauldin, N. D. (2011), she stated that she have naturally curly hair that needs some type of hair gel to keep it looking nice and manageable. I had been using very expensive brands of hair gel years ago, not knowing how easy and inexpensive it was to make my own. When I created this rule I share with you below, I could not believe how easy it was to duplicate those expensive hair products I had been buying all of those years. Although this recipe seems to simplistic, you will be surprised at how effective it is.IngeborgK, Victoria, Permasofty, JKL1234, Lara, CooksterC (2009), said that hair styling products can be expensive and unhealthy, but you can protect your health and your wallet by making some of these products at home. It is possible to avoid the harsh chemicals, artificial fragrances and dyes frequently found in store-bought goods. Creating your own hair wish well products allows you to have complete control over what goes into them. Making hair gel is a very straightforward process that requires only a few ingredien ts. Sophie Spyrou (2008), states that he recently came across Extra Hold Styling Gel by Method of Style.It cost just $1. 00 for an 1124ml tub of pink hair gel. This product is alcohol freehanded and is meant to offer long lasting hold. And he do not usually use a mount of extra hair products in my hair other than shampoo, conditioner, hair shine and a de-tangling product by Frizz Ease to calm my natural curls and give them a softer, tidier look. I do not accommodate heat to my hair after I have washed it, as it makes my hair look laconic and it becomes unmanageable. But when I am feeling like a different hairdo, I sometimes select for the wet look by using hair gel.

Finance and Short Term Debt

Encana toll of Capital Before calculating the approach of capital Ill calculate embody of equity and cost of dept and capital structure for ENCANA 1 Cost of Debt ENCANA cost of debt included cost on short marge debt , immense term debt and publicity traded delight step 1. 1 Short term Debt Short term obligations (Ex. 1) = $ 1425 million Interest Rate (Ex. 1) = 3. 52% make out amount for short term debt participation = 1425 ? 3. 52% = 50. 16 million 1. 2 Long term Debt Other hanker term liabilities (Ex. 1) = $1278 Interest mark (Prime rate charged) = 5. 25%Total amount for long term debt interest = 1278 ? 5. 25% = 67. 095 million 1. 3 Publicity traded Publicity traded interest = total interest (short term debt interest amount + long term debt interest amount) Publicity traded interest = 524 ( 50. 16 + 67. 095) = 406. 75 million Interest rate on publicity traded = Publicity traded interest ? L. T debt on publicity traded Interest rate on publicity traded = 406. 75 ? 5351 = 7. 6% Cost on debt = Weight of long term debt ? Rate of interest on L. T debt + Weight of short term debt ? Rate of interest on S.T debt + Weight of publicity traded ? rate of interest on publicity traded = 1278/8054* ? 5. 25 + 1425/8054 ? 3. 52 + 5351/8054 ? 7. 60 = 0. 833 + 0. 622 + 5. 049 = 6. 5% *The amount $8054 is total amount of debt given in Exhibit 3 1. 4 find out revalue rate Tax rate for ENCANA can be determined as follow Tax Rate= T= Net earnings to begin with interest and tax ? tax expense T= 1260 ? 4089 = 30. 81% 1. 5 Cost of debt after tax Cost of debt after tax = cost of debt before tax (1- Tax Rate) Cost of debt after tax = 6. 5% ( 1- 30. 81%) = 4. % == rate of debt (rd) 2 Cost of equity There are following two ways to calculate ENCANAs cost of equity 1. using SML equation 2. Calculating cost of equity by dividend growth precedent 2. 1 Calculation of cost of equity for ENCANA by using SML equation rs = r* + MRP (b) r* = 4. 20 % (Govt. long Term treasury Bil ls) rm = 13. 9% (S&P arithmetic average return) MRP = rm r = 13. 9-4. 20 = 9. 7 Beta = 1. 27 rs = 4. 20 + 9. 7 *1. 27 rs = 16. 519 % 2. 1 Calculation of cost of equity for ENCANA by using dividend growth model rs = (D1/ Po F) + gWhere D1= next year dividend Po = current price of share in market F = Floatation Cost Growth from past data Year Dividend per share Growth * 2002 0. 2 2003 0. 15 -25% 2004 0. 2 33. 3% 2005 0. 28 40% *Growth rate is calculated as 0. 15/0. 2= 0. 75-1 = -0. 25? 100 =-25% 0. 2/0. 15= 1. 33-1= 0. 33 ? 100 = 33. 3% 0. 28/0. 2= 1. 4-1 =0. 4 ? 100 = 40% Average Growth= -25 + 33. 3 + 40 = 16. 1% rs = (Do (1+ g) / Po F) + g rs = 0. 28 (1+0. 1611) / 56. 75 (1- 0. 05) + 0. 1611 rs = 0. 25108/53. 9125 +0. 1611 rs = 16. 713% Average rs = (16. 713+16. 519)/2 = 16. 616% WACC The WACC equationis the cost of each capital componentmultiplied by its proportional weight and then summing WACC = rD(1-Tc)*(D/V)+rE*(E/V) Where, Re = cost of equity Rd = cost of deb t E = market value of the firms equity D =market value of the firms debt V = Total Capital = E + D E/V = we = percentage of financing by equity D/V = wd= percentage of financing by debt T =corporate tax rate By putting ValuesTotal Equity= E = no of shares * price of shares = 854. 9 * 56. 75 = $48515. 575 million Total Capital = Equity + Debt = 48515. 575+ 8054 = $56596. 575 Million WACC = wd * rd + we * re = 8054/56596. 575 * 4. 5 + 48515. 575/56596. 575 * 16. 616 = 0. 6404 + 14. 2436 = 14. 884% ENCANA should accept this project which exit give a return of more than 14. 884%, because ENCANA has to pay their investors a return of 14. 884 and this will also make profit which can be utilized as retained earnings and increase growth of its dividend.

Open Medical Marijuana Delivery Service Full

County Guidelines pageboy Chapter 1 Obtaining a Doctors Recommendation A doctors recommendation lead forgo you to progeny the next critical step of obtaining a aesculapian checkup ganja Card by dint of and through atomic number 20s MMP Program. No official registration is required to obtain a doctors recommendation. Marijuana mountain be recommended by a doctor for ANY serious condition for which it posts remainder over 250 uses dedicate been reported. option To see a sample Doctors Recommendation go to http//www. canorml. org/prop/MDRec cast. jpg WARNING Bew be bogus clinicsSome unethical doctors be charging clients extra for soc whollyed cultivation licenses supposedly entitling them to grow to a greater extent than the normal number of plants. There is no such thing as a cultivation license beneath atomic number 20 law. Any persevering with a calcium physicians recommendation whitethorn legally cultivate or have as much hemp as they requirement for their pr otest personal medical checkup exam use, and no more. No physician can solve them to cultivate more (they can only testify in court that a current amount of ganja is consistent with the respective(prenominal) endurings fills, and they do non have professional competence to prescribe plant number).ResourceTo find a calcium Physician you can go to http//listings. canorml. org/physicians/listings. lasso 3Page Chapter 2 Obtaining a California Medical Marijuana Identification Card The next step to starting a Legal Medical Marijuana Deli very(prenominal) Service is to obtain a Medical Marijuana Identification Card through the California Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). This identification card bequeath allow you to legally carry a developn amount of Medical Marijuana as outlined in your counties bylaws, and to be recognized as a thrill giver for your patients.In new(prenominal) words from each cardinal county has their own guidelines as to how much cannabis each phencycli dine hydrochloride can carry legally for each of their patients. Establishing yourself as aMedical Marijuana Caregiver leave allow you to legally serve your patients. ResourceTo consecrate simply run across out the conformation located at www. cdph. ca. gov/pubsforms/forms/CtrldForms/cdph9042. pdf After you have completed this form it is best to apply in person at your topical anaesthetic County Department of Public health for expediency purposes. You can do it online or via fax, but this can civilise months to complete. ResourceYou can ind your local County Department of Public Health by going to http//www. cdph. ca. gov/services/Pages/MMPCounties. aspx When you apply you submit out need to bring the necessary entryation which includes a) b) c) d) Your Application Form Your Physicians pass Number Your Doctors Recommendation Form You give likewise need to supply personal information to prove residency such as a drivers license, utility bill, or government pick outd pho to ID. 4Page You depart need to counterbalance the coat fees and be photographed. The exercise fees vary by county and are usually $66. 00 + administrative fees.To ensure the application process goes smoothly and to give yourself the best chance of not having any unforeseen obstacles it is al authoritys a good idea to take an individual who has traceed documentation stating they are a patient in your care. We will talk more about the necessary patient care documentation later. It is important to understand that to be a immortalise aboriginal caregiver for more than one patient you must(prenominal) live in the same county as all of your patients. It is strictly forbidden and embezzled to operate a bringing bank line across county lines. 5Page Chapter 3 Starting The Business / Nonprofit tonus 1 Your Delivery Business / Nonprofit Name The primary step in creating your new medical cannabis delivery furrow is to think of a expose for your new business. Most medical marij uana collectives and coops use the terms collective, caregiver, or something of that of that nature in their name. Youll also need to pay back sure that your physical address resides in the city and county that your delivery business will be operating in an. It is also important to note that this physical address cannot be a P. O. Box. Resource Make sure to check the availability of your nonprofit name by going to http//www. sos. ca. gov/business/corp/corp_naav. tm measuring stick 2 Start a Nonprofit Organization Next we will need to create a Non-Profit because nonprofits are the only geeks of organic laws that are allowed to operate as medical marijuana patient care givers. This is also the quickest and easiest port to draw and quarter into the medical marijuana industry. The best way to set this up is to place yourself in the role of president of the Non-Profit. This enables you to recuse yourself of responsibility for the actions of other members. Your social station bar rackment will outline the rules for membership and no one can join or pay off a patient unless they have agreed to the membership guidelines.The process of starting a nonprofit validation generally involves 1. Drafting Bylaw 2. Submitting Articles of Incorporation to the put forward of California Drafting Bylaws Drafting Bylaws sets forth the structure of the organization and creates a governing board with final authority for the organization Resource For an example of Nonprofit Bylaws go toLink 6Page Completing and Submitting Articles of Organization To incorporate as a nonprofit in the state of California you will need to complete articles of organization and submit them. There is generally a $30. 0 filing fee for these forms. Resource Articles of Organization Forms www. sos. ca. gov/business/corp/pdf/articles/corp_artsnp. pdf To submit this form you will need to go to one of the 2 regional offices located at either Sacramento master(prenominal) Office 1500 11th Street Sacrame nto, CA 95814 (916) 657-5448 Or Los Angeles Regional Office 300 South ring Street, Room 12513 Los Angeles, CA 90013 (213) 897-3062 Step 3 Creating a Website The next step is to create a website. If you do not have any experience creating websites do not be frightened.You can register a domain name (universal resource locator) at one of the many registration services found online. You can and then use one of the many web site builders also found online that allow you to do ingenuous drag and drop web design that enables even a novice to create a website with utterly no programming skills necessary. Please note that it is also a good idea to utilize this URL for your e-mail account. Many of the registration services allow you to do this and it looks much more professional than having a generic e-mail address like Gmail. All told you can expect to spend between $30. 00 and $50. 0 getting your website up and running and this can be achieved in as little as a couple of hours. 7Page Step 4 Financials In the next step we will be establishing the necessary financial aspects for our Non-Profit. The first of which is a bank account and a FEIN Number. To set up a bank account simply go to your local branch and tell them you would like to set up a business account. Youll need to provide them with the necessary documentation including the documentation for your Non-Profit. To obtain a venders lease, which we will talk about later, you will need to obtain your FEIN Number.Resource For a simple form that you can give your bank which includes the legal name and structure of your medical marijuana delivery business as well as your physical mailing address go to http//www. irs. gov/pub/irs-pdf/fss4. pdf Resource To get your FEIN Number go to http//www. irs. gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=102767,00. hypertext markup language Step 5 Obtaining a Sellers Permit nowadays it is time to get your Sellers Permit. The sellers allow is one of the most important aspects in k eeping your medical marijuana delivery business legal. A sellers permit allows you to pay evaluateationes on your business.Even though you are operating a nonprofit, you are liable for taxes. We have devoted an entire chapter to taxes found later in this book. Youll need to get your Sellers permit from the California State board of equalization. All you will need to do is bring all the documentation weve outlined in the previous sections and go to the local office of the board of equalization and give way an estimated down defrayal based on your estimated quarterly income. This down payment will be very small if you currently only have one patient, which will generally be the case.Resource For a California Sellers Permit Application Form, as well processing instructions go to http//boe. ca. gov/pdf/boe400spa. pdf 8Page Step 6 Obtaining a Business License Now it is time to get a Business license. To do this we will need to fill out the necessary form depending upon what town or county you live in. The easiest way is to simply Google business license + your town or county. Next you will need to go to your county specific business license branch, with your documentation, and simply tell them you will be operating at a basis Healthcare delivery surface.Resource For county by county business license application instructions go to http//www. cityapplications. com/business-licenses/CA-California/biz-California. html 9Page Chapter 4 Operating The Business Now it is time to discuss the operations and focusing of your medical marijuana delivery service in regards to staying compliant with California Law. Membership The lifeblood of your business will be membership because if you do not have anyone to deliver to you will not be devising any money. To join your Non-Profit and become a patient each member will have to agree to your membership terms.Legal Application Requirements To legally operate in the state of California you must perform genuine steps when tak ing on new members or patients. Step 1 Verification You must ascertain each members status as legally able to be a patient under your care. The way that you do this is by verifying their medical marijuana identification card number. Resource To verify a potential patients medical marijuana card go to http//www. calmmp. ca. gov/ Step 2 Primary Caregiver Form Next you will need each person to sign a form designating you as their primary caregiver.Resource You can find a sample form by going to http//www. peaceinmedicine. org/PDFs/PrimaryCareGiver. pdf 10 P a g e Step 3 Membership Form For you to legally open Medical Marijuana to your patients they must be members of you Nonprofit. To become members they need to simply fill out a membership form. Resource For a sample membership for go to http//www. greendotguy. com/Membership-Agreement. pdf 11 P a g e Chapter 5 Products / Medical Marijuana If you have not already youll need to acquire the products or medical marijuana you will be providing to your patients.This is an important step because you must make sure that you acquire your products lawfully. As per California law collectives and cooperatives can only acquire medical marijuana from their own members. This elbow room you can only acquire medical marijuana grown by spouse members of your collective. In other words before you can purchase medical marijuana from a tiller they must first be a member of your collective. This is very simple to do. Simply have the tiller or growers sign a membership agreement before you obtain the medical marijuana you will be delivering to your patience from them.This allows your operations to consist of acquiring medical marijuana from one of your nonprofit members and distribute it to your non-profit patients. This is what we call a closed cycle. Resource For a sample membership for go to http//www. greendotguy. com/Membership-Agreement. pdf 12 P a g e Chapter 6 Revenue Members of your non-profit may reimburse you f or medical marijuana that has been allocated to them in the amount necessary to cover overhead and operating expenses as well as services provided. This means that members can reimburse you for your delivery service through reasonably calculated compensation.This is the way in which you fate to record accrued revenue in addition to the overhead cost. 13 P a g e Chapter 7 Possession, Delivery, and the Law As per California law a primary caregivers may poses a certain amount of medical marijuana for each patient under their care. If you are operating your delivery business and you have more than the personal legal border of medical marijuana you should have financial support records readily available showing that you have under the legal limit allowed for the number of patients you have under your care.This is especially important when youre transporting medical marijuana for delivery. Primary Caregiver To be classified as a primary caregiver the Supreme Court has set forth certai n requirements a) A primary caregiver is an individual who consistently provides caregiving independent of any assistance in taking medical marijuana at or before the time he or she assumed responsibility for assisting with medical marijuana. large number v. Mentch(2008) 45 Cal. 4th 274, 283 (85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 480, 195 P. d 1061) b) The person must show a caretaking relationship enjoin at the core survival needs of a seriously ill patient, not just one single pharmaceutical need. Id. at p. 286. To be classified as a primary care giver it is important to operate within these guidelines. SB 420 allows caregivers to be compensated for their services but it does not authorize the sale of marijuana itself for profit. Therefore, to run a successful medical marijuana delivery business it is recommended that you 14 P a g e tipulate your compensation is being accrued from the service of medical marijuana delivered in the form of donations. California State Law It is important to note Cal ifornia State law and how it pertains to a medical marijuana delivery services. 1. Patients and caregivers with a state-issued ID card are immune from arrest and allowed to possess whatever amount the law allows them. 2. Patients and caregivers without a state-issued ID card, even with a physicians statement or county entitlement, are subject to case by case scrutiny that can lead to arrest.As per California State law, possession and cultivation of marijuana grants immunity to patients and caregivers who possess or cultivate marijuana for personal medical use based on the recommendation of a Physician and within county guidelines of residence. 15 P a g e Chapter 8 Taxes In October 2005, after meeting with taxpayers, businesses, and advocacy groups, the carte directed faculty to issue sellers permits regardless of the fact that the property being interchange may be hot, or because the applicant for the permit did not indicate what products it sold.This new polity was effective immediately. BOE policy regarding the issue of a sellers permit was amended to provide that a sellers permit shall be issued to anyone requesting a permit to sell tangible personal property, the sale of which would be subject to gross sales tax if sold at retail. Previously, the Board would not issue a sellers permit when sales consisted only of medical marijuana. Anyone selling tangible personal property in California, the sale of which would be subject to sales tax if sold at retail, is required to hold a sellers permit and report and pay the taxes due on their sales.The sale of tangible personal property in California is generally subject to tax unless the sale qualifies for a specific exemption or exclusion. gross sales and Use Tax principle 1591, Medicines and Medical Devices, explains when the sale or use of property meeting the rendering of medicine qualifies for exemption from tax. Generally, for an items sale or use to qualify for an exemption from tax under prescrip t 1591, the item must qualify as a medicine and the sale or use of the item must meet specific conditions.Regulation 1591 defines a medicine, in part, as any nucleus or preparation intended for use by external or internal application to the homosexual body in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease and which is commonly recognized as a subject matter or preparation intended for that use. A medicine is also defined as any drug or any biologic, when such are approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent any disease, illness, or medical condition regardless of ultimate use.In order to be exempt, a medicine must qualify under the definition, and it must be either (1) prescribed for treatment by medical professional authorized to prescribe medicines and dispensed by a pharmacy (2) furnished by a physician to his or her own patients or (3) furnished by a licensed health facility on a physicians order. (T here are some other specific raft not addressed here such as being furnished by a state-run medical facility or a pharmaceutical company without charge for medical research. ) 16 P a g eGenerally, all of these requirements must be fulfilled in accordance with state and federal law. Regulation 1591 exempts the sale or use of medicines furnished by qualifying health care facilities. (See response to read/write head 5, above, regarding the requirements to qualify as an exempt medicine. ) State law defines a qualifying health facility as either a facility licensed under state law to provide 24-hour inpatient care or a state-licensed clinic. Not devising a profit does not relieve a seller of his or her sales tax liability.However, whether or not you make a profit, like other retailers making taxable sales, you can ask your customers to reimburse you for the sales taxes due on your sales, if you fulfill the requirements explained in Regulation 1700, Reimbursement for Sales Tax. As di scussed in the response to Question 10, the Board may enter into a payment plan with a seller when the seller has difficulty meeting its tax liabilities. The Board has an Offers in compromise Program that provides a payment alternative for individuals and businesses who have closed out their accounts.The Board will issue a sellers permit to an applicant who does not indicate the products being sold. The applicant, however, will be asked to sign a waiver acknowledging that his or her application is incomplete, which may result in the applicant not being provided with complete information regarding obligations as a holder of a sellers permit, or notified of future requirements by the Board related to the products sold. Applicants who do not wish to indicate the type of products they are selling should leave the line, What items do you sell? blank and discuss the issue with a Board deputy regarding the incomplete application. As with any other seller who has operated without a permit, or who has failed to timely file and pay the taxes due, back taxes are owed on any taxable sales made, but not reported and paid. Generally, penalty and interest will also be due. When you apply for a sellers permit and your application is tasteful, Board staff will provide sales and use tax returns from prior periods for you to report your sales of medical marijuana and any other products you may have sold, but did not report.You will need to use these returns to self-report all your sales beginning with the month you first started selling taxable 17 P a g e products. Once you have filed all your back returns, you will pose a current return for each reporting period in which you make sales. You will continue to receive a return until such time as you stop making sales and have notified the Board of the discontinuance of your business. The Board, however, may grant relief from penalty charges if it is determined that a persons adversity to file a timely return or payment was d ue to reasonable cause and constituent beyond the persons control.If a seller wishes to file for such relief, he or she must file a statement with the Board stating, under penalty of perjury, the facts that apply. Sellers may use form BOE-735, involve for Relief from Penalty, available on the Boards website. A seller who cannot pay a liability in full may be eligible for an installment payment agreement. Sellers in need of this type of plan should contact their local Board office, as eligibility is determined on a case-by-case basis.All California sellers of tangible personal property the sale of which would be subject to tax if sold at retail are required to hold sellers permits. A sellers permit should be obtained prior to making sales of tangible personal property. If you are currently making sales of medical marijuana and you do not hold a sellers permit, you should obtain one as soon as possible. Sellers have a continuing obligation to hold a sellers permit until such time th ey stop making sales of products that are subject to tax when sold at retail.Sales tax provides revenues to the states General Fund as well as to cities, counties, and other local jurisdictions where the sale was made. The tax from the sales of medical marijuana is treated the same as the tax received from the sale of all tangible personal property. Registering for a sellers permit brings sellers into accord with the Sales and Use Tax Law, but holding a sellers permit does not allow sales that are otherwise unlawful by state or federal law. The condole with Use Act of 1996 decriminalized the cultivation and use of marijuana by certain persons on the recommendation of a physician.Californias Medical Marijuana Program Act also exempted qualifying patients and primary caregivers from criminal sanctions for certain other activities involving marijuana. Apart from any provisions of state law, the sale of marijuana remains illegal under federal law. 18 P a g e 19 P a g e Chapter 9 The Medical Marijuana Program The medical marijuana program (MMP) has been established to provide a voluntary marijuana identification card issuance and registry program for individuals who qualify as patients as well as their caregivers.A web-based registry has been created which allows law enforcement and the public to verify patient or caregiver cards which give authorization to possess, grow, transport, and for the use of medical marijuana in California. In 2003, Senate Bill (SB) 420 (Chapter 875, Statutes of 2003) was passed as an extension and clarification of Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act of 1996. The Medical Marijuana Program, within CDPH, is administered through a patients county of residence.Upon obtaining a recommendation from their physician for use of medicinal marijuana, patients and their primary caregivers may apply for and be issued a Medical Marijuana Identification Card. Senate Bill 420 also required that the MMP be fully back up through the card applica tion processing fees. Both the state and the counties have authority to cover the costs for the program through these application fees. 20 P a g e Chapter 10 County Guidelines County guidelines have been established to outline legal amounts of medical marijuana possession in regards two personal use, patient care givers, and an growing operations.At the writing of this document, 9-7-2011, they are as follows Alameda 6 get on with plants or 12 boyish plants 8 ounces of develop Alpine 6 acquire plants or 12 unripe plants 8 ounces of develop Amador 6 spring up plants or 12 dark-green plants 8 ounces of bud Butte 6 advance plants or 12 unfledged plants one pound of processed (formerly 6 plants at any stage) Calaveras 6 raise plants or 12 im be on plants 8 ounces of bud Colusa No firm policy case-by-case review, though tentative guidelines of 6 mature plants or 12 childlike plants 8 ounces of bud or 1. lb. processed (formerly 2 plants outdoors or 4 plants indoors) Cont ra Costa 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Del Norte Current status remains cloudy, so fol-low the state minimum guidelines for maximum safeguard 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud. El Dorado Outdoors 20 plants from environ 1 through July 31 10 plants through October (or end of season) 2 lbs. f bud from kinfolk 1 through February 28 and 1 lb from March 1 to August 31. Indoors 10 vegetative plants, 1 mother plant, 10 bloom plants and1 lb of bud per patient (formerly 6 plants and/or 2 pounds processed). NB Caregivers can take care of household plus three outside patients. as well as see El Dorado County DA Policy. Fresno 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Glenn 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud 21 P a g eHumboldt 3 lbs of bud or equivalent 100 square feet of garden cover, no limit on plant numbers or lamp wattage. Caregiver amounts calculated per patient served. Original DA policy Up to 99 plants with up to 100 square feet of canopy and up to lb. of bud. Indoor gardens limited to 1500 watts total illumination. purplish 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Inyo 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Kern 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud.King 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Lake 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Lassen 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Los Angeles 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Madera 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Marin 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud, county ID cards now honored by all law enforcement. Mariposa 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Mendocino 99 plants (from 25) with permitThis Countys guidelines are covered in Hemp Publications Monograph No. Grows Merced 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Modoc 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Mono 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Monterey 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Napa 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud 22 P a g e Nevada 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants any size or, in the alternative, 75 square feet of total canopy area up to 2 lb. of bud. Collectives must keep copies of all patients recommenda-tions available for inspection.Orange 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Placer 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Plumas 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Riverside 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Sacramento 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud San Benito 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud San Bernardino 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud San Diego 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud San Francisco Patient and caregiver ID cards is-sued by county Health Department no patient guidelines.Case by case policy is based on police claims of indicia of illegal sales or diversion to non-medical market. San Joaquin 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud SanLuis Obispo 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud San Mateo 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Santa Barbara 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Santa Clara 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Santa Cruz 3 pounds of bud or equivalent, plus 100 square feet of garden canopy, no limit on plant numbers or lamp wattage Shasta 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud or 1. 33 lb. processed 23 P a g eSierra 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud or any quantity approved by phy-sician Siskiyou 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Solano 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Sonoma County policy Up t o 30 plants with up to 100 square feet of garden canopy and up to 3 lb. of bud. Stanislaus 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants and 8 ounces of bud Sutter 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Tehama 12 seedlings or 6 flowering or mature plants, and 8 ounces dried marijuana.Indoor Cultivation 12 seedlings or 6 flowering or mature plants, and 8 ounces dried marijuana. Trinity Board of Supervisors voted to step back-ward and revert to the state minimum sceptre of 6 mature plants or 12 immature plant 8 ounces of bud. Tulare 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Tuolumne 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud. Ventura 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud or 1 lb. ry bud or conversion. Yolo 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants 8 ounces of bud Yuba Informal policy 6 mature plants or 12 im-mature plants 8 ounces of bud or 1. 5 lb. of processed marijuana. 24 P a g e Disclaimer This document has been written for and i s meant for educational purposes only. It is not in any way legally binding, or in other words, it cannot be used in a court of law as justification for any actions taken by its readers.It should be noted that speckle California does not prosecute Medical Marijuana Patients within the guidelines of SB 420, marijuana is still illegal under federal law and individuals can still be prosecuted as such. The writers of this document have provided this document for educational purposes only. We in no way advocate or take responsibility for any actions taken by its readers. 25 P a g e