Aging and Disability

Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. It affects the presence of diversity in society because when people become elderly, many companies no longer want to hire them. They think they are too old to be able to keep up with fast paced environments which the job may call for. Many companies pass up hiring experienced older people because the younger people will work for less money because they have less experience too.Also, being old is sometimes thought of as being slow or not being able to focus on the task at hand. Ageism seems to have people referring to elderly as being sickly whereas being young is thought of as being in good health. What is the Age Discriminitation in Employment Act (ADEA)? How does the ADEA address issues for the aging population? The Age Discrimination in Empl oyment Act (ADEA) stops any amployer from refusing to hire or fire individuals because of their age. This act pertains to persons over the age of 40.The Age Discrimination in Employment Act specifically deals with issue pertaining to compensation, employee benefit plans, health coverage, and pensions. Any action that could prohibit an individual from receiving gainful employment based on his age. For example, if an employer hires a younger person instead of an older person simply becauase they think the younger person can fulfill the job duties better, then they violation of the ADEA. What is being done to address the issues you identified? Congress has passed other laws to help lessen discrimination issues against the elderly.For example they have passed the â€Å"older workers benefit act†, as a way to further ensure the elderly will not be discriminated against. Also, every age discriminated case that is filed is required to have a 60 day investigation by the Equal Employm ent Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Most of these cases are closed for administrative reasons or no reasonable cause. Some cases are resolved before the EEOC gets involved. The ADEA was put into place so employers would hire according to ability and not according to age.Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The number of aging population is expected to increase in numbers. This means we will find new ways to deal with diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and other illnesses that affect older individuals. The growing number of aging population means there will be a greater demand of insurance companies for health coverage, medical services, and social programs that assist the elderly. The increased number of fertility has an impact on the number of aging population also.With increased effectiveness of medical treatments, individuals will have a greater life expectancy which in turn leads to larger numbers of individuals living to older ages. W hat types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? The government agencies that assist the elderly such as medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and even the Veterans Administration may be affected by the aging population. For example, the money that funds these programs could be reduced or increased by the federal government depending on which way they see they need to be.Also, money used to pay for the health care workers may be affected. For example, some of the elderly people may need long term care. They may have nurses, family, or friends that help care for them in their home and the program that funds the home health care may be reduced to where these individuals would have to pay out of pocket for these services. How does poverty affect the aging population? Poverty affects the aging population dramatically because most elderly people rely on social security benefits to survive on.Without these benefits many would not be able to get a job to pay thei r basic bills such as electric and rent. It is hard for the elderly to gain employment because of their age. The employer thinks they cannot perform as fast or accurate as someone who is young. So without being able to gain employment, the elderly rely on public progams such as food stamps and social security to keep them surviving with the basic necessities. Some elderly people live in nursing homes where their benefits are used to pay for these services, leaving them nothing to live on. Part IIAnswer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What does the ADA provide for people with disabilities? First, the ADA makes it illegal for anyone with disabilities be discriminated against for employment in the case of hiring, firing, promotions, or retentions. If the individual can perform the job requirements with or without accomodations, then the employer cannot discriminate against him due to his disability. It requires public tra nsportation systems, government offices, and programs to be accessible by people with disabilities.For example, wheelchair lifts in public transit vehicles, means for the hearing impaired, and disabled individuals must have the chance to participate in all activities in the city recreation areas. Also, city administration buildings have to be accessible. Restaraunts, stores, theaters, or any other business that serves the public must be sure to accommodate the disabled also. For example, they must be wheelchair accessible by installing a ramp or removing steps that would prohibit entrance of a wheelchair.How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? In earlier years, people with disabilities were considered to be evil or cursed. Some were even tortured as a means to rid them of their evil spirits. However, not all people thought of the disabled as being evil. Some were treated like outcasts and some were kept alive by their families even though they didn’t want to have nothing to do with them. While in some areas the disabled individuals were treated the same as everyone else and allowed to participate in activities as much as they could.In the past, people with disabilities was not hired for jobs, got less education, and kept quiet because many considered a disabled individual a curse on that particular family. They feared what society would think of them. How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? People with disabilities have a chance at employment and education now that they did not have before. The ADA helps protect them from being discriminated at the work place due to their disability.There are more advanced medical treatments now than before to try to improve the disabled individuals condition and allow him to have a more â€Å"normal† life. Not only has educational information been provided to people with disabilities but also to society so they will know people with disabilities have the same e qual opportunities that non-disabled individuals have. People with disabilities have access to public busineses and transportation services which allows them to be more independent. What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities?I believe one circumstance that would be unique for people with disabilities would be trying to explain to non disabled individuals that just because you are disabled doesn’t mean you are ignorant. I have seen people that encounter a disabled individual change their regular way of behaving. For example, I have a friend who is completely paralyzed from the waist down. He has been like this since birth, yet he has learned how to maneuver himself by using his arms as legs. However, you wouldn’t believe the way people act toward him when we are out.One incident that I will never forget was this lady held the door open for him at the store and looked at him right in his face and said in a loud voice, real slow, â€Å"let me get this door for you†. It was as if she automatically thought because he was in a wheelchair, that he couldn’t hear or was mentally challenged as well. I knew he encountered some crazy actions from people, but this incident really opened my eyes on how bad people need to be educated concerning people with disabiilites. What is being done to address those issues?I believe making information available to the public about disabilities is one of the best hings that can be done for people with disabilities. When non-disabled individuals assume what is going on with the disabled individuals, more problems could arise from this assumption. As far as the circumstances that disabled individuals face pertaining to access to public places such as stores, theaters, or even transportation, wheelchair lifts and ramps have been put into place. Also, some vehicle companies have made it possible to customize vehicles to where disabled individuals can actually drive.By put ting the control pedals, gas and brake, in the steering area, some disabled individuals no longer require the help of others to get around in the public. Also, wheelchair lifts have been made available to private vehicles as well as public vehicles. Another area which has addressed issues for the disabled is the employment and education areas. Disabled individuals now have the same opportunity to advance their career or educational privelages as they wish without being discriminated against.What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities? The most significant types of legislation that have been introduced to assist people with disabilities are: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, (DD ACT), Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Rehabilitation Act (Rehab Act), Social Security ACT (SSA), Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act (TWWIIA), and the Wo rkforce Investment Act (WIA).These programs provide assistance to disabled individuals and their families within needs of daily life activities. These programs assist them so they can work and perform daily life with the same opportunities as non disabled individuals. These services can act as a guide for individuals that need to know where and how to get the support they need for things like housing, employment, education, transportation, and any other economic security they may need.

Policy Development Essay

Domestic violence can be described as any form of deliberate coercion, bodily harm, sexual assault, or any other form of violent behavior committed by an intimate partner. Domestic violence has plagued all walks of life despite the age, race, religion, or background. Violence against an intimate partner is frequently followed by psychological abuse and controlling behavior relating to the methodical blueprint of power and control. Domestic violence comes in many forms but not always seen by the naked eye. Domestic violence constitutes forms of physical abuse, psychological abuse or even death that can be seen by other family members possibly causing a continuous cycle of abuse for generations to come. Facts and Statistics It is hard to grasp the notion that somewhere in the world every nine seconds a woman is being beaten or assaulted. On average, 85% of victims of domestic violence are women and 1 in every three women will endure some form of domestic violence in their natural life. Sadly enough only one fourth of all victims who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner will actually report it to the police, implying that official statistics will never justify the full scope of the problem. The average age of a female victim who is at the greatest risk of harm by an intimate partner is between 20 to 24 years old. Domestic violence is the primary source of harm to a woman over all other possible harmful circumstances she will encounter. As if domestic violence isn’t already difficult enough for women to endure in an intimate relationship, if she has a male child who witnesses these assaults he is now two times more likely to abuse his partner or children as an adult passing along the cycle of abuse for our future. Statistics have shown that 30% to 60% of intimate partners who assault also assault their children. Intimate partner homicides that are reported to police make up  approximately one third of female homicide victims and 70% to 80% of those victims had a previous assault history. A very small amount of victims actually seek medical treatment after an assault but yet a vastly larger number of approximately 18.5 million victims seek mental health treatment following an assault. Separation isn’t always the ultimate solution to the problem. Over 70% of women who were injured during a domestic violence assault were assaulted after the separation (Safehorizon,  2014). Stakeholders Law Enforcement Often time’s victimization in cases of domestic violence is conducted behind closed doors causing law enforcement to become the first line of defense for victims of domestic violence. If the response of the police is extremely insufficient it has a negative impact on the victim making them less likely to use the criminal justice system in the future. There are typically three types of police responses to domestic violence: non-intervention, mediation, and arrest. The initial typical police response to domestic violence was the non-intervention way as police felt that domestic violence was a private matter best kept at home. The second approach is mediation which promotes crisis intervention including separating both parties, reconciliation, or social services referral. This method was designed to keep domestic violence out of the criminal justice system however, it proved to be ineffective. Now a more practiced policy to domestic violence is the arrest of an offender as a pres umed or mandatory response. Domestic violence cases are different in the sense that the offender can be taken into custody under a warrantless arrest as these types of misdemeanors do not have to occur in the officer’s presence. Legal changes have been made where officers now arrest the primary aggressor instead of the old dual arrest practices affecting the victim more than the offender. It has been shown that an officer is more often than not the victim’s last resort to alleviate the problem as they typically chose other routes as to not affect their livelihood. In all domestic violence situations officers shall make an arrest when an offense of violence has been presented, treat these acts of domestic violence as criminal, never disregard protection against domestic violence based upon race, religion, sexual orientation, immediately report  all cases of family violence, and receive training on domestic violence required by law (Erez,  2002). Due to the fact that domestic violence affects a large number of people, it is plausible to say that leaving the abuser is not as easy as people may think which would ultimately stop the abuse. Since this is true, law enforcement must approach domestic violence as serious as they approach any other significant crime by providing time, resources and attention. Given that law enforcement is spending a ton of time focusing on domestic violence, it is important for these agencies to establish a domestic violence policy that indicates reports will be completed on each domestic violence call regardless of whether or not an arrest was made. The most significant and respected service a law enforcement officer can provide to a victim is an arrest of their abuser (Klein,  2009). Prosecutors Prosecutors play a very important role in the prosecution of abusers within the criminal justice system in hopes of providing harsh judgments preventing reoffending and better protection of victims. If prosecutors fail to prosecute the bulk of domestic violence cases conducted by law enforcement an internal examination into their practices, policies, and priorities should be conducted providing an explanation as to why fewer prosecutions are being processed. They should not allow victims who are unwilling to prosecute their abuser stop them from proceeding on with the case. If a vast number of victims are willing to sign an affidavit of non prosecution, it is certain that prosecutors and law enforcement must come up with a better a way for victims to trust them so more cases are prosecuted. For prosecutors to gain a more successful prosecution rate, they must enhance victim cooperation and involvement by concentrating on the victim’s fears of being abused again or testifying i n court without fear of retaliation. In the event that a defendant possesses serious risk to the victim during trial, prosecutors must take all measures to protect the victim to effectively prosecute the case. It has been insisted upon by the judge that prosecutors report to the court any defendant’s negative actions such as reoffending, threatening or intimidating the victim so that potentially other charges can be added while the original case is still pending. While still being compassionate towards the victim, prosecution must base it case  on the law and penalties of the law versus the individual preferences of the victim as they tend to become more lenient during the course of the trial fearing retaliation in the future. Prosecution must also notify the defendant of this process so they don’t believe this is based upon the victim’s requests. Prosecutors must work hand in hand with law enforcement to obtain all the evidence associated with the case as well as identify and include all witnesses involved. Domestic violence can be deterred if prosecution sufficiently concentrates on the abuser risk by inflicting harsh sentences such as supervised probation and incarceration while revealing the defendants prior criminal and abuse history in hopes to prevent reoffending (Klein,  2009). The ideals that lawmakers had on prosecution or adjudication for domestic violence is consequently not being enforced. Legal representatives may become doubtful about the irregularity of violent behavior, or disbelieve the seriousness of the complainants, can either enforce the law firmly for prosecution purposes, or at the same time be understanding of the physical aggression that could be considered efficient punishment for the victim’s marital infidelity. Legal representatives are prone to characterize domestic violence as a civil matter for a ruling in divorce courts versus criminal courts. The prosecution and adjudication phases are substantial for offenders ultimately deciding their guilt or innocence, establishing a criminal record and providing a punishment. These phases are significant for the victim as well as they begin to trust the criminal justice system again (Erez,  2002). Judges Judges can ultimately be the final step in the adjudication process of domestic violence abusers so their role is extremely crucial in the protection of the victim. Merely handing down a guilty verdict does not guarantee reoffending of the abuser so judges should concentrate more on invasive sentences that include incarceration especially for those who are repeat offenders and those with an extensive criminal history. Even though judges should be open-minded when it comes to the views of the victims regarding punishment, he must enlighten all parties involved that he is compelled to hand out the most appropriate sentence pertaining to this case regardless of whether or not the victim agrees. Regardless whether the  defendant turns himself into the court for a domestic violence case, he should be treated as seriously as the offender arrested on scene as it has been shown that the typical offender flees the scene of the incident prior to officer’s arrival where a warrant is la ter issued for their arrest. Judges should hand down sentences that reflect the offender’s prior criminal history as those are signs of possible reoffending regardless if it reflects prior domestic violence offenses. In the event a defendant offends while pending another court case for domestic violence, judges may take that into account for purposes of bail, civil orders, and sentencing. Affidavits filled out by the victim don’t fully describe the abuse suffered by the victim or the fear of future abuse as this document is solely based upon the incident at hand. It is extremely valuable for the judge to further investigate this case by asking the victim more questions as well as examining the prior arrest history of the offender to have a better grasp on the whole picture relating to the abuse. Judges may issue protective orders to the victim but unfortunately this is only a strong piece of paper and it does not prevent abusers from reoffending. Judges should make every effort to house a user friendly courtroom, safe environment for all parties involved, be compassionate to the victims, and yet stern with defendants once some sort of abuse has been brought forward. When judges are able to represent the courtroom in this manner victims concerns are validated and the defendant’s behavior is shown to be unacceptable (Klein,  2009). Public Opinion Most people are in agreement that someone should step in when an abusive domestic violence situation arises, but they don’t agree on what their involvement should be, or the responsibility of the victim to reduce the violence by removing themselves from the abusive relationship. Even though people have the same opinion about domestic violence being a criminal act, they are not essentially on the same page that police should regularly arrest the offender or use other corrective authority versus using other alternatives. This apparent apprehension may be the outcome of people’s uncertainty concerning the applications of criminal sanctions. One theory is they believe offenders warrant the penalty of arrest or jail, yet another theory is they are often practical about the efficiency of the punishment  actually putting a stop to the aggressive actions or the probability the penalty will ultimately protect the victim. A more promising effect is possibly that of rehabilitation and victim or community focused changes. Nonetheless, such changes like offender treatments, education, and victims ultimately leaving the relationship continue to be a rare result (Carlson,  2002). Reform Recent reform within the prosecution and adjudication process of domestic violence includes the issuance of protective order as well as special legal defenses for battered women who have killed their abuser. At one time civil protection orders were only obtainable through a pending divorce, recently they have been pushed through legislation for battered women who are not currently involved in a divorce proceeding. The main objective of domestic violence reform has been aimed at the prosecution process as it has been found that too many cases, misdemeanors, were falling out of the criminal justice process during different stages. Through the years, domestic violence has become one of the most talked about policies and is in constant reform as ideals are continuously changing. Historically very little action by the police and prosecutors has been done regarding domestic violence and without a more serious offense, prior record of offender, possible weapon use, injuries, or physical evi dence most cases won’t see the inside of a courtroom. The most effective way to present a domestic violence case before the court is to have the victim’s cooperation but yet most prosecutors predict that victims will sign an affidavit of non prosecution ultimately dismissing the case altogether typically causing prosecutors to hesitate before filling a case. Prosecution efforts should be based upon the victim’s safety not the conviction of the offender. It should also be an approach to getting the word out to the offender that the abuse is unacceptable and will not be tolerated. Prosecutors have recently found a way to prosecute domestic violence offenses even when the complainant does not want to pursue charges. They have implemented victim advocacy programs within the prosecutor’s office in hopes to boost victim retention within the process. Another approach is the evidence based prosecution, which is the idea of gathering all significant evidence to build a case against an  offender without the victim. Many peo ple believe these practices take away from the victim’s freedoms of determining their course of action (Erez,  2002). Another reform is that of the battered woman syndrome which has been employed in hopes of fixing past practices of disregarding the difficulty battered women face when she wants to defend herself in court, or the necessity to apply principals of law, or self defense that were not particularly appropriate for issues relating to abuse. This tactic has been used as a legal defense for women who battered or killed their abuser after they have suffered many years of abuse and responded by causing harm or death to them. Often times these cases are from battered women who harm their abuser without first being irritated due to the psychological state of mind the victim has suffered for many years (Erez,  2002). Domestic violence has plagued all walks of life despite the age, race, religion, or background. Without the constant fight by all stakeholders within the criminal justice system for the victims of domestic violence, no real solution to the problem can come of this resolve. Constant and continuous reform is necessary to maintain the safety and security of all victims preserving their trust with the criminal justice system.  

Supporting Life: Earth’s Surface and Landforms

The Lesson Activities will help you meet these educational goals: Science Inquiry—You will conduct online research related to a series of photographs, develop hypotheses, and communicate your findings in written form. STEM—You will analyze real-world data to gain insight into careers in Earth Science and Geology. 21st Century Skills—You will employ online tools for research and analysis, use critical thinking and problem-solving skills, communicate effectively, and assess and validate information.DirectionsWrite a response for each of the following activities. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. Check the rubric at the end of this document to make sure your work is meeting the expected criteria.Constructive and Destructive Processes The earth is constantly changing. Constructive and destructive processes are at work all over the planet all the time. Sometimes these changes happen slowly over thousands of years and are barely noticed. At othe r times, changes are apparent immediately. The photographs below, taken at various locations, are evidence of these changes. Your task is to identify and describe the constructive and destructive processes that have occurred or are occurring in each photograph.a. Taku Glacier, AlaskaType your response here: Destructive glacial erosion and ice wedgingb. Checkerboard Mesa, Zion National Park, UtahType your response here: I don’t see where it would be eitherc. lava dome, Mount St. Helens, WashingtonType your response here:Both because the lava builds up land but it also erodes away graveld. stream at the Karnala Bird Sanctuary, IndiaType your response here:Destructive because it causes stream erosion e. Atlantic Ocean, EnglandType your response here: Destructive because it washes away rocks and mineralsf. Arches National Park, UtahType your response here: I don’t see where it would be eitherg. Telescope Peak, Death Valley National Park, CaliforniaType your response here: Constructive because tectonic plates came together and moved upwardh. basaltic lava columns, Zion National Park, UtahType your response here: Constructive because they were caused by cooled magmai. Nogahabara Sand Dunes, Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge, AlaskaType your response here:Constructive because sand built up to make the sand dunesj. flooding, IowaType your response here: Destructive because it washes away soil,house foundations, also contaminates drinking waterRubric This rubric will be used by your teacher to grade your assignment.Points possible: 20 maximumConstructive and Destructives ProcessesIdentified the constructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point) described or gave examples of the constructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point) identified the destructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point) described or gave examples of the destructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point)

Rockefeller Drug Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rockefeller Drug Laws - Essay Example The year 1973 was marked by the Watergate scandal, an uneasy cease-fire in Vietnam, and a rising tide of the counter-culture. Fuelling the resentment of public institutions and the mistrust of the government was the proliferation of drug use by a new generation. To many conservatives, it appeared as though the liberal left had won and the seeds of permissiveness were never more apparent than they were in the drug culture in New York. Conservatives, such as Nelson Rockefeller, fought back with legislation that was aimed at this cultural group, and targeted drug use as a common denominator to identify his political and social enemies. New York State became the front lines in the War on Drugs with the passing of strict anti-drug laws that would become to be known as the Rockefeller Drug Laws. According to Haberman, "Their essence was to send drug felons to prison for very long stretches, with sentences made mandatory and leniency rendered unacceptable even for first-time offenders". The right wing hawks had lost the war and resigned the White House, but they were not in a mind to lose the War on Drugs. At the heart of the Rockefeller Laws were sentencing guidelines that placed an emphasis on retributive incarceration, and eliminated any possibility of restorative justice. The laws, in many cases, called for mandatory sentencing that could be as long as life in prison with no possibility of parole. As an example, in 1999 a middle-aged mother was sentenced to life in prison for the possession of a small quantity of cocaine, even though she was a first time offender and was working for a larger organization (Papa). This experience has been repeated thousands of times in New York where the penalty for delivering drugs is on the same level as that for second-degree murder. In addition to the lengthy sentences there are the "mandatory sentencing regulations that effectively tie the hands of presiding judges" (Irwin 6). The law has preset the sentence and judges are not able to consider extenuating circumstances such as the possibility of rehabilitation or the social situation of the def endant. The ability of a judge to gauge the sentence is a hallmark of modern justice and is one of the basic functions of the court. However, under the Rockefeller Laws, this function has been usurped by the legislators, and left the judge as little more than a figurehead. The Rockefeller Drug Laws have been criticized since their enactment, but were only recently reformed as protests grew louder. Since the passing of the laws conservatives have opposed the laws because they significantly altered the role of the judge in sentencing, and were unduly harsh. Concerned citizens argued that the mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years for the possession of a small amount of drugs was far out of proportion to the crime, and was comparable to the sentence guidelines for rape, manslaughter, and robbery (Rhett 6). Human rights watch groups pointed to the abuse by police, prosecutors, and courts as a reaction to clean up the streets and satisfy the public's thirst for a get tough on crime policy. However, these were non-violent victimless crimes, and getting the drug user off the streets only provided a marginal amount of safety for the public. Reasonable taxpayers objected to

An Issue of Two Courts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Issue of Two Courts - Case Study Example Given the fact that the charges that are to be leveled against the officer and the agency in particular have low chances of standing as criminal charges with intent to murder, in all probabilities, it would be certain that the charges could be changed to civil penalties. Greene (2006) states that there are three types of general torts that could be brought up against the police officer and the agency. These would include Tort is a private injury inflicted on one person by another, where the plaintiff is the injured party. Negligence is alleged when a defendant should have anticipated their acts or omissions would result in an injury. The key factors in these cases are that of reasonableness. The US Supreme Court has affirmed that the right to access to the court's assures that no person will be denied the opportunity to present to the judiciary allegations concerning violations of fundamental constitutional rights. US courts have fundamentally presumed that damage actions against the federal government- although not injunctive relief- must be authorized by the US Congress through an explicit waiver of immunity enjoyed by them. Shelton, (2001) states that at present, the Federal Tort Claims Act makes the state and state agencies liable for money damagesfor injury or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by federal government agents. For example both the FTCA, 28 U.S.C. 1346(b), 2671-2680 (1988 and Supp. IV 1992) and the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. 1346(a). It must also be remembered that individual agents are no longer immune from liability in USA where a wrongful act in violation of the constitution by a federal agent acting under color of law gives rise to a cause of action for damages against agents, according to the US Supreme Court (Bivens v Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics). What one needs to be remember here is that moonlighting is not against the constitution and hence there can be no constitutional violation charge can be brought against the agency or the officer. The greatest probability in the context of the case is the charge of intentional tort against the officer and a charge of vicarious liability against the agency for hiring police officers that made it a habit of moonlighting while nature of the job that they do demands that they give it their whole and undivided attention. Intentional tort would be a voluntary commission of an act that to a substantial certainty will injure another person. This is in fact a large possibility given the fact that an officer who had finished a job at 3:30 am in the morning could not be expected to be in his full senses or give his best to another job of a nature as sensitive as public security is. The agency can also be brought under the jurisdiction of damages by the plaintiff under the scope of vicarious liability, which states that A legal doctrine that holds the

Malaria among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay

Malaria among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa - Essay Example (UNICEF and WHO 2004, 2-3). Given these harmful effects of LBW to children’s survival LBW then puts humanity and society’s future in peril. This danger doubles with the interaction of malaria and HIV, as researches (Steketee et al. 1996, Parise et al. 1998, Verhoeff et al. 1999, and van Eijk 2001) indicate that â€Å"pregnant women infected with HIV demonstrate more frequent and higher density parasitemia than pregnant women not infected with HIV† (cited in Ayisi et al. 2004, 643). Both diseases are found prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (Global HIV/AIDS epidemic update 2001) thus, the deadly co-infection of HIV and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa is common in many of its areas. The effect of the interaction of malaria and HIV specifically in pregnant women is most visible in malaria-endemic areas and in areas with generalized HIV. Since sub-Saharan Africa suffers a high burden of both diseases, co-infection is common in its many areas – among its countries most severely affected are Central African Republic, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is estimated that at least there are about 440, 000 women in sub-Saharan Africa infected with malaria during pregnancy due to HIV, as HIV infection weakens pregnant women’s immunity to P. falciparum infection (WHO 2004, 5-6; Ayisi et. Al. 2004, 643) – the most deadly among the four main parasites causing human malaria; the most common malaria parasite in sub-Saharan Africa, to which the extremely high malaria-related mortality in this region is attributed (Greenwood 1999, 617); and more common in pregnant than non-pregnant women that causes both prematurity gestation of less than 37 weeks and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) (Guyatt and Snow 2004, 760). Studies (Ayisi et al. 2003, cited in Gender and Health 2007; Ayisi et al. 2004; ter Kuile et al. 2004)

British Airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

British Airways - Essay Example This is according to the chairman of British Airways from 1993 to 2004, lord Marshall of Knightsbridge. While the history of BA in its current structure and name began in 1976, its predecessors can be traced back to the late ‘10s. The first British Airlines, Aircraft Transport and Travel, was established in 1919, with the initial scheduled flight taking off on August the 25th from le Bourget to Honslow, its home. Two other airlines, Handley page and Instone, were established using modified bombers. The three companies underwent a period of great difficulty, especially competition from French airlines, which were cheaper. To solve these problems, they merged to be joined later by British Marine Air Navigation, forming Imperial Airways. Imperial Airways began local and overseas flights immediately, flying as far as Egypt and India with a crew of 250 and a fleet of 18 crafts (Gaskell, 2010). This paper is an essay on British Airways. Later, Imperial Airways was a Brisbane, Austral ia route, whose duration would take grueling 12 days. The new airline added new planes such as the short S.23 C-class model, which signified that the airline was growing, as was a new carrier British Airways limited (Gaskell, 2010). After the start of the 1st World War, these two merged to form British Overseas Airways Corporation, which re-started its transatlantic flights after the war ended. In addition, they created the BEA, a new airline to handle the European flights. At this point, the carriers needed to order new and more efficient aircraft. BOAC consequently ordered the Boeing Strato-cruiser, the Lockheed Constellation, and a Rolls-Royce engine equipped version of the DC-4. It did not take long before they ordered a jet plane, the De Havilland Comet, which dramatically reduced the length of trans-Atlantic flights (Marriott, 2010). The early 60’s saw BOAC order the Rolls-Royce Conway engine driven 707-436 to tide over until the VC-10s were ready. By 1970, with the fir st 747 and rapid growth, BOAC and BAL were ready to merge and work as one, establishing British Airways in 1976. BA’s most crucial year was 1976; it had a partnership with Concorde, coupled with big fleets of Lockheed TriStar and Boeing 747. The early 1980s saw the company face its second major threat, economic trouble, although measures were taken to privatize the company, which duly happened in 1987. Increasing competition from US based carriers also forced BAs hand in the merger with British Caledonian, which saw the A320 among other planes enter the fleet (Marriott, 2010). This merger further enabled BA to begin operations at Gatwick Airport. However, its base remained at Heathrow, where BA operates approximately forty percent of the total flights. In addition, the airline has created service stations in Birmingham, Glasgow and Manchester. British Airways has built its brand around fast travel, which has seen it at the forefront of jet travel. The first jets for short hau l flights were ordered in 1980, with forty four 737-200 planes delivered. New 737s were ordered in the late 80s, most of them being the 400-plane model with increased passenger capacity. Although not a choice of BA, the Airbus A320, entered the British Airways service after it merged with British Caledonian (Marriott, 2010). However, the planes proved quite efficient in their flights and duties. Medium haul flights were performed by the larger Boeing 757 fleet, as well as the 767, which were equipped with engines from Rolls-Royce. A number of Boeing 767-300ER in turn, performs long haul flights, which do not require huge passenger capacity. Most of these carry two hundred and fifty two passengers, with additional Boeing 777-200 and 747-400 complementing this segment. Recently, the company replaced all Boeing

Thesis driven essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Thesis driven - Essay Example Through the Allegory of the Cave, in his work The Republic, Plato describes the position of unenlightened man, and 24 centuries later, the main hero of Wachowski Brothers’ movie The Matrix, hacker Neo, makes his way from the Cave towards enlightenment. According to Plato, human is caved in his/ her regular and familiar environment. He/ she does not ask questions, and does not will to change own life in more real and true way. Despite the ever-present possibility to start those changes, which Plato vividly describes as a light from the ideal world behind one’s back, most of the humans prefer to keep living in their familiar world of illusions, which is only a poor projection, a shadow of the ideal world. Unenlightened and delusioned man is a prisoner of his/ her own illusions. In Wachowski Brothers’ movie, the Matrix is a platform for humans’ illusions. Morpheus describes it as â€Å"the loading program†, â€Å"the construct for simulations† (The Matrix). Most of the people live in a common simulation, which is determined by AI. As Plato predicted, a more powerful â€Å"brain†, AI, had excelled human’s intelligence, and because the machine has no notion of morality, AI uses humankind brutally, but rationally for own benefit. The image of a caved unenlightened man is almost literally illustrated in the movie, especially in the scene, where Neo wakes up in a capsule and find himself to be a caved, but in a rather modern and more technical way. He is a part of high-technical mechanism, where Plato’s chains are cables and leads. They chain Neo’s whole body, but what’s the most important, they chain Neo’s brain. The familiar environment looks dark and grey now, and very similar to the Cave. Morpheus says, this darkness was made by humans (The Matrix). To get free from AI control, and to get out of the capsule, Neo symbolically bursts those cables and leads, and find himself confused and

Aris Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aris Dilemma - Essay Example She had been sitting in silence for more than an hour now. She had never imagined that it would be like this. She remembered, for the 100th time, how her mother had gasped in shock when she brought Bilal to their home in Western Texas. Her father tried desperately to pretend that he was pleased at his daughter’s choice of friend. However, the rest of her family only gaped at his elaborate headdress. Bilal was kind enough. Her mother had purposefully tried to make him feel uncomfortable. She constantly wore, on her face, expressions full of hatred at Bilal. She permitted him to talk or comment on anything without openly opposing his comments. Beside, she constantly criticized Bilal’s Muslim culture and culture pointing out the unjust and monopolistic way they treated their women. In addition, she kept telling Bilal that he is not any different from all his Muslim folks as long as they live in Saudi Arabia. Bilal tried to persevere the rampage, from his to be mother-in-la w, in silence, perhaps accepting the truth in silence. â€Å"Ghayda!† Ari took some moments to realize that it was she who was being addressed by the old woman at the door to her right. â€Å"Ghayda!† Her husband’s aunt had given her the name to make her a complete Saudi Arabian. The old woman motioned towards the kitchen.

Shewin Memorandum 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shewin Memorandum 2 - Assignment Example She has worked for The Blabber, a newspaper in Atlanta for a period of 10 years. She started working for the organization as an entry-level researcher and after two years, she was promoted to the position of junior-level reporter. Two years letter, she rose to senior-level reporter, a position that she has held for a period of six years. For the first eight years of her employment, Shewin worked under the supervision of George Doright. However, in the last two years, Blabber underwent reorganization and Doright was transferred to another division in the organization. After the reorganization, Shewin started to report to Arthur King, the senior editor of the company. After the reorganization, two editors were retired and Shewin applied for the position but she was denied the opportunity of assuming the positions. Actually, she was interviewed for one position but was not offered the jobs that she believed she had met their qualifications. In the past month, she applied for a position of junior editor because her qualification matched with the requirements of the advertised job. However after the interview with Mr.King, she was not offered the position. ... According to Shewin, there are several factors that may have played a key part in her failure to secure promotions despite the fact that she had good qualification and extensive work experience. For instance, only three women hold positions in upper management levels and were promoted before the reorganization. Her new manager, King was not involved in their promotion decision and seems to be against the female gender. This is further compounded by the fact that he had been making sexist comments that were offensive to a number of women and some men. For example, he was on record abusing a pregnant reporter. King tried to seduce Shewin, but she declined the overtures and believed that it might be the reason why she did not get the jobs she applied for. Further, he predicaments could be attributed the fact that there are only five African Americans top manager hence bringing about the issue of race in job promotions. Before reorganization and the transfer of Mr.Doright, Shewin filed a complaint against some of her male workmates who had the habit of discussing explicitly about their personal weekend romantic adventures on Monday mornings. Although the conversation did not address her, they were offensive and after she reported to Mr.Doright, he warned the employees to stop the habit. However, when Arthur King became the senior manager, the old behavior of her male colleagues reverted and even after Shewin reported the irresponsible conversation to King, he took no action and seemed to approve it even though he did not participate directly in the conversation. However, Shewin seems to be worried of her age and fears that at forty, she may never get a promotion. This is further

Help to choose a topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Help to choose a topic - Assignment Example The article especially draws on the benefits of using dogs in the animal assisted therapy, which as animals are arguably the most faithful in nature. The article contains very useful information that the college counselors can avail to improve the quality and effectiveness of their counseling services over the depressed college students in particular and outside the college in general. I picked this article firstly because it was recently published, and secondly because the results of the research cited in the article were drawn from a credible and reliable source i.e. Georgia State University. Thirdly, I chose this article because it contains very interesting and useful information about the effects of animal assisted therapy on the college going students. This article is particularly useful because many college students already have dogs as their pets, so they can better identify with and rely upon the information provided in the

Philosophical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Philosophical Analysis Essay â€Å"In the case of an ordinary illusion of the senses we often say: This object seems thus or so; but in reality it is thus (but) the seeming is opposed to the reality only in so far as the chance experience of one point of view gets contrasted with what would be, or might be, experienced from some larger, more rationally permanent, or more exclusive and uniting point of view. † Truth is the embodiment of reality; reality is the embodiment of experience. Yet, truth and reality are problematic concepts. Reality, when expressed in categorical terms, is in itself manifest-creating concept; that is, there is no clearly defined boundary of finding the essence of entities. In short, an attempt to define reality will result to more questions. An attempt to examine the source or basis of reality will inevitably result to ambiguity. What is the implication of this fact to truth? Truth also becomes a manifest-creating concept. Its basis is, from a vantage point, a derivation of reality (Kant, 1786/1926). Here, there is a need to mention two bases of truth and reality. For some philosophers, reality and truth are generally derived from sense experience. Aristotle once argued that the fundamental basis of reality is actual reference to existing objects. Here, reality is objective; truth is absolute. For other philosophers, rationality rather than sense experience is the formal basis of reality. Descartes, for example, argued that sense experiences often result to disconcerting assumptions of what is real and ought to be real (Descartes, 1637/1999). An example may suffice this point. Suppose an individual sees an oar in the water. From sense experience, the individual will interpret the phenomenon as genuine phenomenon. However, the individual perception of what is real is compounded by illusory assumption of what ought to be real. Descartes argued that the oar in the water, when rationality is used as means to discern truth, is a reflection of an actual oar. 2) â€Å"The best definition of truth from a logical standpoint is that which is fated to be ultimately accepted by all investigators (and not something to be identified with) some purely personal end, some profit upon which a particular individual has set his heart. † For many centuries, philosophers pondered on the best definition of truth. Perhaps, the most influential philosopher who developed a systematic approach in analyzing the nature of truth is Immanuel Kant. According to Kant, truth in categorical definition is a derivation of collective facts (Kant, 1786/1926). Kant argued that when a set of facts are accepted to be truth by rational individuals, then it is by definition, part of truth. Subsequent philosophers such as Whitehead and Russell expounded on the concept of truth. According to these philosophers, there exists a set of truths which in character is both relative and self-sufficient. Truth is relative because the discretion of a group of rational individuals is also relative. It is self-sufficient because its consequence is self-compelling. When presented to different individuals, a truth compels the individual to believe and accept it as true. What is the general consequence of these assumptions of truth? In essence, such assumptions reject the notion of absolute truth. Absolute truth defines an epistemological basis of reality; that is, reality bounded not by the laws of nature, but by the law of necessity. One can refer to this reality as Being, Divine entity, or God. However, absolute truth is not necessarily a definitive clause of a Divine entity. Absolute truth is assumed by some philosophers to be manifested in quintessential entities; entities which are purported to exist in reality. It may be argued that this interpretation of reality may be a personalistic interpretation of ends. In any case, it is possible to prove this assumption. References Descartes, Rene. 1637/1999. Discourse on the Method. London: London Publishing House. Kant, Immanuel. 1786/1926. The Critique of Pure Reason. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Qualities and Types of Social Anthropology

Qualities and Types of Social Anthropology Introduction Social anthropology is the field of anthropology that studies how living human beings behave in social groups. This essay seeks to explore the history, meaning and essential qualities of social anthropology which distinguish it from other branches of anthropology. In the UK, anthropology is usually primarily concerned with the study of culture. This area is termed social anthropology and it is this designation which is used in England, and to some extent in America, to assign an area of a larger subject of anthropology, the study of humanity from a number of viewpoints. In England social anthropology was only introduced and studied relatively recently during the later decades of the nineteenth century. It became widely recognised as a discipline later on and it has been taught under that name since. However, its academic base goes back further. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, (2004) The beginnings of social anthropology lay in the nineteenth century. Examining its roots, we can see an early definition of culture from one of the pioneers of of social anthropology. Sir Edward Burnett Taylor (2 October 1832 2 January 1917), an English anthropologist, defined the term culture as, that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Evans Pritchard, (2004) Subsequent study has led anthropologists to determine that culture is not innate, rather it is learned by a person from family and society. Therefore, it does not have any genetic connection, because even if a person is brought up in a culture different from that in which he was born, he absorbs the culture of the society later on. It has also been observed that people also feel the need to follow their beliefs and traditions of their own culture in adulthood, even though they might not agree with certain belief s in it. Edmund Ronald Leach, (1982) The refinement of theories of culture which are used today owes much to the work of the founders of the subject. However, social anthropology was also a product of its time; it was formulated at the time European societies had empires. Despite the fact there has been much controversial argument about the ways colonialism may have influenced anthropological study, at least one of the main aims of a foremost creator of the discipline stays vital to current anthropology study: the comparative study of the different forms of human social life and cultural experience. Evans Pritchard, (2004). From its early days, social anthropology has become an international discipline studied in universities around the world. There are differences globally in the study of social anthropology. For example, in America social anthropology is referred to as either ethnology or sociology. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, (2004). In general, the United States displays a different approach to anthropology. Anthropology in North America is concerned with the study of human difference and adaptability. It is usually divided into four groups: biological (physical) anthropology, archaeological anthropology, linguistic anthropology Cultural anthropology. Insa Nolte (2010) I believe it is important to have a look at each subfield as each of them emphasise a different definition of anthropology and stress various approaches to this vast subject. This will demonstrate that the subject is not as what we know and study in the UK, but what the US, and due to its large postgraduate education programmes and cultural influence, a large portion of the global academic community sees the subject of anthropology. Biological or physical anthropology Biological Anthropology is an approach to evolution and adaptationof humanity. It seeks to compare humans and animals to understand human unlikeness and biological cohesion; examines comparative data across time to explain the evolutionary history of hominines over the last 5 million years; explores difference in human development and health, and the mechanisms that influence contemporary and historical population differences; and examines individual attitude in terms of evolution and adaptation and its intellectual blueprint. Angela P. Cheater, (1989) Archaeological Anthropology Archaeological anthropology is the study of ancient human societies through their physical remains and environment. It deals with the time during which humans built up their patterns of behaviour. It aims to make over the nature and development of specific societies and explain the difference that happened among past societies. Angela P. Cheater, (1989) Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic anthropology is a branch of anthropology which is concentrating on relation between language and culture and the place of language in the wider social and cultural framework. Angela P. Cheater (1989) Cultural anthropology Cultural Anthropology is a method of studying worldwide cultures by observation and cultural group comparison (e.g. Japan and England). Fieldwork is conducted on cultures around the world. A societys social and context environment is examined in an observational and participatory study. Key questions in cultural anthropology include: How are we different or similar? However, the philosophy is to go above ethnocentrism, the superficial belief that one culture is better than others. When each societys balance and structure is considered, rules of moral care and patterns of social co-operation are examined in their own socio-cultural context, which provide meaning to what an outsider may otherwise consider to be strange. This practice of cultural relativism stresses that there are no better or lower cultures; all cultures are meaningful in their own context. M. Fortes, (2003) The approach and classification of anthropology in the United States shows that the subject is a product of the culture and societies in which it is studied, just as social anthropology in the late nineteenth century owed its outlook to colonial attitudes in society. Further evidence of varying interpretations can be found in Mexico where archaeology is the term given to what we call social anthropology in England. Generally it is difficult to explain what anthropology is about and what anthropologists do due to the different interpretations of the subject. However, what social anthropologists share is an interest in different ways people have of looking at the world they live in. These different ways are not individual character, but different views of the world learned as people grow up in different societies. Angela P. Cheater, (1989) Conclusion The world we live in today has changed since the nineteenth century and anthropology has changed with it. Distances between human beings have reduced due to the ease of communication, transport, advances in technology and migration. As Leach states, Globalisation does not seem to be making the world we live in less culturally assorted. Whether we study anthropology, with its various definitions, in Britain or elsewhere, the study of different ways of living and seeing the world appear just as important as ever, if not more so. Edmund Ronald Leach, (1982) References: Evans Pritchard (2004) Social anthropology p43, London. Evans Pritchard (2004) Social anthropology p45, London Edmund Ronald Leach (1982), Social anthropology p 203-205 Insa Nolte (2010) Lecture notes Angela P. Cheater (1989) Social anthropology an alternative introduction p 205-206(2), New York. Angela P. Cheater (1989) Social anthropology an alternative introduction p 210-213 (2), New York. Angela P. Cheater (1989) Social anthropology an alternative introduction p 303(2), New York. M. Fortes, Social anthropology at Cambridge since 1990 (2003), p 10-13, University press of Cambridge Angela P. Cheater (1989) Social anthropology an alternative introduction p 305-307(2), University of Cambridge press.

Reckitt Benckiser entering a new (Non-EU) market

Reckitt Benckiser entering a new (Non-EU) market The company manufactures household, personal and consumer healthcare products. Such as Dettol anti-septic, Veet, Strepsils, Airwick, Vanish etc. In 1823, Johann A. Benckiser founded Benckiser chemical industry. Later in 1940, the company was rented by Issac Reckitt. He also bought a starch mill in Hull and diversified into household products renowned for starch washing blue and black lead for shoe polishing. Since 1913 till 2009, RB has come across through diversification and joint venturing in Australia and USA. RBs mission and objectives. The mission of RB highlights both purpose and its value. Which include- To delivers better solutions in household, health and personal care to consumers. To do constant innovation. Deliver fast-acting solutions that help make life easier. The objectives of RB is to generate growth by expanding globally and produce powerful and durable brands. RBs marketing characteristics. Reckitt Benckisers marketing flair is for the consumer. Each product has its own portfolio. The key role for marketing in global is the priority to 19 branded products. RB is consistantly developing and delivering the innovated pipelines and maximising international brand equality. RBs three main strategic pillars of marketing are: innovation, brand equity and developing products for global use. RB has become NO.1 amongst the market competition in the UK. And is continuously backing up its core brands. RB is operating over 60 countries and sells its brand across worldwide. RBs brands are divided into 6 categories: surface care, e.g: Cillit Bang,Harpic,Woolite, Amphyl. fabric care, e.g: Vanish, Calgon. dishwashing, e.g: Finish, Electrasol, Fairy. home care, e.g: Lysol, Air Wick. health and personal care, e.g: Dettol, Clearasil, Veet, Scholl, Nurofen, Gaviscon, Strepsils, Bonjela, Aerogard, Mucinex, Mortein. food. e.g: Kit Kat, Red hot, Butter original. RBS Sale Performance. RB performed beyond its expectations even in the critical economic climate in 2009. In 2000,the companys net revenue doubled and quadrupled market capitalisation. The shareholders recieved approx. 200% against a market average of 22% over the past 5 years. RB is one of the league in terms of its production innovation. The company gained almost 40% of revenue through its innovations during the last 3 years. RB is consistently working on its margins and looking forward to manage its costs. And targets to turn an average sales growth of 7% into 17% profit over the next 5 years. RBs future success relies on the commercial drive, and ambition of its employees. RBs major competitors in the UK are Procter and Gamble (PG), which holds the revenue of $79bn for the year 2009. And Unilever, with revenue of $41bn in 2008. In 2008, despite pricing pressure and raw material price inflation, RB has balanced its revenue growth by reducing costs that helped in rise in its operating margins by 0.8% to 23.4%. The company re-invented its container for Vanish brand to use 70% less plastic than original big tub. Marketing goals objectives. To expand. To promote its powerful brands worldwide. To achieve global market leadership. Market Penetration and Market Expansion. Achieving High Gross Margins. New Product Development and Entrepreneurship. International Market planning. Market research is a vital to decision making process in marketing plan. The research include the best opportunities for investment in the market. The political, financial, cultural, legal and regulatory, competitors, consumers need to be taken into account that effects the business. Due to a lot of competition in UK and in order to gain maximum profit, RB has intentions to promote its 19 powerful brands to international market. Internal External analysis of RB. The internal analysis defines the key features of the company. The areas in consideration to analyze are: Resource capabilities, Configuration and coordination of activities, Company performance, Structure of company and characteristics of its culture. The figure describes; Stars as RBs products which have the high share in the growing market. When the market slows down, these products become the cash flows. And when the market shares are lost and it stops growing, they become Dogs. Cash cows are the products of high market share in low growing market. These products usually defend Reckitt Benckisers competitors. Dogs define the products of low market share in low growing market. These products are usually not profitable. Question Marks are the dilemma creating products. If market shares stays continues low, these products becomes Dogs. External Analysis: It normally relates to the opportunity and threats existing in environment. The areas to analyse that effects the company are: Customers, Competitors, Culture and company performance, Market size and growth, Environment in which the company operates. Political Factors. As every government have its own business policies in the country of origin. This factor follows the formal and informal regulations influencing the business. The political issues can rise in the form of trade restriction, employment, tariffs and political stability. Hence, Reckitt Benckisers business can be influenced by the fast growing consumer goods. Economical Factors. This relates to the nature of the economic system in the particular country. Capital market is the key factor to be considered. Social Factors. The environment relates to the value system of society determined by its nation. Social factors consist of the costs, customs, structures, heritage, wealth and income as well as the labour mobility. Therefore, the nature of goods to be produced depends upon the demand of the people. A code of conduct is needed to be followed in the business. Technological Factors. This is a major factor that influence on business. Technology determines the quality of goods to be produced. It can also affects in terms of investment Since there are many factors that effects the business both internally and externally, therefore, it is essential for a company to continue cope with the market challenges by innovating new brand and products. SWOT factors. Strength. The Strength of the branded products are; (e.g. of Clearasil, Strepsils, Kit Kat, Bonjela), Clearasil is good for all skin types, it is a unique face wash designed to combat bacteria. Strepsils is a best treatment to help prevent sore throat, this product is without any side effects. Kit Kat chocolate is famous amongst all, and usually targets to children. Bonjela is best to prevent mouth ulcers and comes in different flavours that attract all. Also there is one suitable for babys teething problems. Weakness. Sometimes these products are not perceived as an everyday use. Some people might not like taste or smell. Shape not user-friendly. Opportunity and threats. According to RBs competitive analysis, there is a wide range of opportunities which will help the new products capitalize a greater market share. The products ability to gain real consumer insight and to develop products and variants according to the consumers needs. These opportunities are focused by professionals of sales and marketing, research, development, supply chain and the experts of information services and human resources. The threat to RB is that the other main players in the antibacterial category have positioned their brands for everyday use against bacteria. Pricing and other competitive strategies have also been taken over by the development of information technology. The pricing strategy of the consumer goods manufacturing company can affect the supply and demand of products. Justification. Reckitt Benckiser is moving fast in a challenging working culture. The company has intentions to go global. RB is focusing on innovation in order to compete with the local market. As UK is recovering from economical crises, there is a good opportunity for Reckitt Benckiser to expand its business into an International Market to raise its profits. Marketing strategy. RBs Market Penetration tells about the existing markets and existing products. That means the company sells the existing products to its existing customers. Market development tells about the new market and existing products. That means RB markets its existing product range in a new market. Product development tells about the existing markets and new products. This means a new product to be marketed to RBs existing customers. Business Diversification tell about the new markets and new products. This is where RB market completely new products to new customers. RBs strategy is to obtain a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 19 most profitable brands. The marketing stragety of RB is; Competition: RB is consistently focusing to deliver the fast growth in the sector. Expansion: This is RBs consistent and highly successful strategy. The company focuses on markets with its growth potential. For example, by investing in the relatively new Automatic Dishwashing category rather than in the congested Laundry Detergent category. Instead of investing in generic households products the company also focuses in the fast growth demand of skincare. Market analysis in general. In generally, the market analysis for the chain of RBs products is: Location which include all Suburban, urban, small, big and developing countries. Demographics. All male, female, children, old aged from birth to lifetime. All people who care for their well being and household. Market entry strategy. There are various strategies to enter into a new market. For example; by growing trading blocks, Counter trading, Piggy backing and Barter. Counter trading: In this method, a person agrees to buy goods on a commitment that the seller also buys his products in return of time, finance or balance of compensation of products. Barter: In this method direct exchange of goods is occurred for another. Piggy backing: In this method, the organisation with less exporting skill uses the services of the skilled exporter. For example: The fertilizer manufacturers of Zimbabwe could piggyback with the South Africa who both import potassium from outside their countries. Methods for new market entry (based on mission and philosophy of the company). The methods to enter into a new market are as followed; Partnership/ Joint Venture, In joint venture two or more investors share ownership and control over a firm operations. The advantages of Joint ventures are; Foreign partner has the vast knowledge about the market in his country. Joint financial strength is established between the partners. They also have disadvantages: Partners may not sometime negotiate. The recovery of capital can become impossible. To license, Licensing is the method of foreign operation where a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing and processing provided by the licensor. For example: United Bottlers in Zimbabwe have the licence to make Coke. The licensing cost is signing the agreement and policing the implementation. The disadvantages are: There is a limited form of participation e.g. in length of agreement or specific product manufacturing. Direct/Indirect investment. Direct investment includes- Government, distributors and agents. The advantage of direct investment is that it is the direct means of entry. And also it is the source of supply for the third country. The disadvantages are that the partners may lack the management skills. Also there could be different views of opinions amongst the partners. Indirect investment includes- Counter trade, export management or a trading company. By indirect investment, the investor is not directly associated with the profit and loss of the firm on which the money is usually spent. Brief profile of chosen market. Peru: Peru is known as a private sector market based driven economy, in which government expenditure including consumption and transfer payments are low. The market oriented reforms and privatizations are carried out during 1990s and in 2001 the country has promoted trade and investment. Since 1993, the foreign investors have been allowed for investment in all economic sectors. Finance, supportive government regulation and market opportunities are available in Peru. Alternative entry method. The alternative method to enter into foreign market is by expansion of product line or geographically. More the product line or the geographic area is expanded the greater is the managerial complexity. But usually this process requires high margins of investment. And can become risky due to lack of knowledge of the new market. Another way is of exporting. Exporting manufacturing goods is less risky and gives opportunity to get to know about the foreign markets. Also reduces the potential risks of operations. The disadvantage is mainly that buyers in the desired foreign country are usually very careful as they perceive transport, currency, quality and quantity problems. Exporting and Why I have chosen this entry method? I have chosen export method because it is relatively low of cost to enter international market. The organization can also build economies of scale and expand its profits. Implementation on carrying out the project. The project is implemented by considering 4Ps, 1.Product. Selling chain of 19 branded products of Reckitt Benckiser. Consisting household, health and personal care and food. Product mix. The 5 products that are ideal for product mix for consumer needs are: Clearasil, Dettol, Fairy, Gaviscon and Mortein. Product Life Cycle. The products to be export are the rapidly growing consumer products. Therefore their average life cycle is 30 days to 2 years. 2. Positioning. Reckit Benckiser has intentions to position against its competitor. In relation to product attribute. The primary positioning of the products for example Clearasil is that it is the no.1 antibacterial face wash suitable for family. It has the ingredients that its competitors do not have. 3. Pricing. The products are priced at premium to its competitors. There will be discount and allowances for the employees. The shipping cost is also to be considered. 4. Promotion / Distribution. The company should sell the products to the appointed distributors and sub distributors who are responsible for further to deal with the wholesalers or retailers in the chosen country. But it is also known that RB has a facility of intensive distribution methods for products all over the geographical area. The company provides direct delivery to key accounts i.e. USC, METRO AND MAKRO. Each channel has a coverage to supermarkets, general stores etc even in the rural areas. Marketing budget of the company. The current marketing budget of RB allocated to the brand selling is 20% of total net revenue. Gantt Chart. GANTT CHART BY AMAL KHAN. EXPORTING RECKITT BENCKISER PRODUCTS IN PERU. Task Date Date Date Date Date Date Date 15/10/2010 17/10/2010 18/10/2010 21/10/2010 27/10/2010 16/11/2010 17/11/2010 Planning Market- Research. Manufact- uring prod- ucts. Finding establish- ing links in foreign. Negotiation. Packaging. Distribution Transp- ortation.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Symbols and Symbolism of Battle :: Epic Beowulf essays

Symbolism of Battle in Beowulf     Beowulf   Authors often use events and things to symbolize stages in someone's life. Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing meaning of significance to objects, events, or relationships. In the anonymous epic, Beowulf, Beowulf fights Grendel, the monsters of the ocean and Grendel's mother. Beowulf's battles with theses three evils symbolize the youth and adulthood of Beowulf's life. The battle with Grendel represents the youth of Beowulf's life. The typical youth is very brave and fights for fame. Beowulf shows how the battle with Grendel is a representation of the youth of Beowulf's life by going to Hrothgar and asking him if he can fight Grendel for him and his people. Beowulf shows this trait when he says, Grant me, then, lord and protector of this noble place, a single request! I have come so far, oh shelter of warriors and your people's loved friend, that this one favor you should not refuse me. That I, alone and with the help of my men, may purge all evil from this Hell. (Beowulf page #). Another trait that a typical youth has is that they don't want to be outwitted. They also don't want people to think poorly of them. Beowulf shows this when he hears that Grendel does not use any weapons to fight and so Beowulf says that he will not use any weapons because he wants Higlac to think worthy of him. Beowulf shows this trait when he says, I have heard, too, that the monster's scorn of men is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none. Now will I. My lord Higlac might think less of me if I let my sword go where my feet were afraid to, if I hid behind some broad linden shield: my hands alone shall fight for me, struggle for life against the monster (Beowulf page #).   The typical youth likes to brag about what they have done. Beowulf shows this third trait when he brags to Hrothgar about how he swam all the way over and killed all the monsters in the ocean. This is seen when Beowulf says, "I swam in the Blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean, and killing them one by one; death was my errand and the fate they had earned" (Beowulf page #).

The Right to Bear Arms Essay -- argumentative, persuasive, gun control

Currently, The United States of America is at war against 27 words that were written by James Madison in 1789. The Bill of Rights is known as the first 10 amendments to The Constitution of the United States. The Bill of Rights states the rights of its citizens. The Second Amendment states: â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed†(Madison). Many people have argued that â€Å"to keep and bear arms† is not very obvious. James Madison is not alive to clear up this misunderstanding that, for hundreds of years, has caused controversies. Some experts argue that, gun ownership laws should be relaxed because this country cannot guarantee the safety of its citizens. Others say that gun ownership laws should not be relaxed because it would increase the number of weapons and increase the availability of weapons for criminals. And thus, the debate over the right to bear arm s continues, again. Gun ownership is a hot topic in this country. The United States has almost always been a country know for its’ lenient gun laws. â€Å"Gun Ownership is a civil liberty protected by the Second Amendment of The Constitution† (Roth 1). The Constitution says that we can â€Å"bear arms†, which in turn, makes it very complicated to make a simple change/addition of words. States can choose to make restrictions to state laws as long as it follows the amendments and the U.S. Constitution. For example, states can take different paths when it comes to the death penalty as long as it is constitutional. â€Å"Illinois is one of only two states—the other is Wisconsin—that does not allow some sort of concealed carry by its’ residents† (Brownfield). 48 other states allow concealed we... ...eryone on the ‘lookout’, it is hard to just live your life. â€Å"None of these bills actually prevent violence. Rather, they help deteriorate the quality of life in our communities† (Roth 1). Guns are ruining our communities by showing the people that it is acceptable to take action if you are frightened. Sometimes, taking action can be the worst possible solution to a crisis. If a person takes action, it shows that you are brave, but, it also shows the criminal that you are actually a threat to them. This would raise the death toll significantly. As you now know, gun ownership is a very arguable topic. Countless people believe that guns will help citizens protect themselves when targeted for a crime, whereas, a large handful of citizens say that guns â€Å"help deteriorate the quality of life in our communities† (Roth 1). What if all the guns in the world just vanished?

Islamic Art Essay

To start this topic, the first question that arises in the mind is that what is art? Basically art is not a word, which has a specific definition, but in literal meanings art can be defined as a spiritual sense of a human being, which he or she notes down in an artistic way. Art refers to creativity. Creativity is something very similar to art. The human mind is a congregation of many ideas. These ideas when get note down beautifully on a piece of paper, it is called an art. An artwork is usually considered as a masterpiece when its concept reaches the mind of the people and it is considered as an appreciable piece of work among the people. Masterpieces of art are just not paintings but spray painting, wall painting and other forms of art created for buildings are much appreciable. Islam is not only a religion but it is a way to lead a happy life. Islamic culture and traditions express its importance in the life of a person. Islam has always supported everything either it is of any field. Today the topic is about arts in Islamic religion so an outlook on the past Mughal and Muslim rulers will serve the arts in Islam as a great commodity. Islamic art is not only features which have been introduced to make beautiful mosques or tombs but in fact in true and literal meanings Islamic art is a beautiful creativity which is in every country conquered by Muslims in past centuries. Muslim art has been one of the wonderful one in the world. Islam is not only a religion but it is a pattern of life. It is a beautiful way of life through which every new aspect of creativity has been launched. The reason of Muslim art is not only extension in this field but to introduce new designs throughout the world and improve skills, which have been unknown since centuries. The newly conquered lands by the Muslims have many things old created by the Muslim rulers of past centuries. However, the architectures working there are now working according to the Muslim motifs and strategy. It has been a fact in almost every era that Muslims have succeeded in every field of creativity and this can be seen in Agra. Taj Mahal is considered as one of the most beautiful monuments of the Sub continent. Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan for his beautiful wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is still recognized as one of the most beautiful monuments of the Sub continent. The grave of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan lies inside the Taj Mahal and the beautiful calligraphy and textile designing on the beautiful bluish tiles can be seen from inside. But something really drastic happened with the laborers who built Taj Mahal. According to resources some 22,000 laborers built it and after its completion the laborers lost their hands as Shah Jahan said that no body could be able to build such a beautiful monument. This incident rocked the world but still now the laborers are not valued for their creativity but Shah Jahan is praised for laying the base of such a beautiful monument. â€Å"In the time of Muhammad the Arabs had little or no art of their own, but, in their conquest of Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Iran they adopted the highly developed art of these countries. It is known from literary sources that the caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty (661-749) requisitioned materials and craftsmen from all the provinces for the construction of new cities, palaces, and mosques. Byzantine and Syrian masochists were employed to decorate the mosque at Damascus, for which an Iranian was the chief architect. Artists from Egypt worked in Jerusalem, Damascus, and Mecca. † (Dimand, 1947) It is a fact that Muslims in the beginning had no art of their own but soon as they started conquering other Muslim countries, they started introducing various forms of art and cultures adapted from other civilizations. Islamic art is basically an old art form, which started ruling the territories since seventh century. It reached the minds and eyes of people when Muslim rulers of past started preaching of their wonderful ideas. The fields in Muslim arts contain ceramic painting, calligraphy, painting and architecture. There is a sort of unity among the Islamic arts and artists. The merchants, traders who buy the antique pieces created by Muslim artists of high quality have much more understanding with the consumers than any other buyer or sellers around the world. Moreover, the art of ornaments among Muslim craftsmen is an art of great common sense and attention or concentration. Today, Muslim ornaments of past and present are valued most among the people. Muslim jewellery is much more appreciable than that of any other country. The most important feature in the classification of the Muslim art is architecture. Because of pious mosques and imambargah’s the Muslim architectures have to work very hard on the designs and decoration motifs of the mosques they are building. Muslims have many beautiful mosques and religious and visiting monuments on their credit such as the Great Mosque of Cordoba, Dome of the Rock mosque and the Taj Mahal. Apart all of that the religious places, such as Kahan-e-Kaaba and the Shrine of Hazrat Imam Hussain (A. S, whose dome is made of gold). Besides architecture another important and most valued feature in Islamic art is of calligraphy. Calligraphy plays an important role in the history of Islam. Islam values calligraphy both piously and artistically. Artistically Muslim calligraphy is of high quality and piously it is used for writing the phrases of Quranic. Quranic verses when written through calligraphic wittings look more beautiful than ever. Besides all of these creations Islamic artists or craftsmen have been master in metal work and pottery making. The sand of nearly all-Muslim countries is very fertile being close to rivers and seas so pottery work is very courageous here and appreciated too. Metal making, carpet weaving and ceramic work are also very common features in all of the Muslim countries especially in villages that is the reason why Muslim art is so much demanded in all of the foreign countries. â€Å"Islamic Art is an illustrated history that takes a broad approach, covering architecture, crafts, and aesthetics as well as â€Å"art† in the narrow sense, and placing them within their social and historical context. It extends to around 1700, but does not cover the entire Islamic world, only the arid area from Morocco to Afghanistan. Mosques are central to Islamic architecture, but have by no means been static. â€Å"Minarets may now be seen as entirely characteristic of Muslim religious architecture, but the very first mosques had none. † Patronage was critical, and rulers often reworked earlier buildings, making major monuments â€Å"architectural palimpsests. † (Irwin, 1997) Islamic art has always been a way to enhance the skills of workers and people who work for the betterment of Islamic society. Islam is not just a religion but it is a patron to lead a happy life. Even today many visitors from foreign countries and people interested in arts and crafts come to see the creativity or Muslim artists, who work according to the Islamic principles and bring out the designs of those Mughal Muslim rulers who have been now hidden under some old rocks. It can be said like that â€Å"Removing the sand from old rocks†. Conclusion Muslim art has been defined clearly. Research clearly shows that Muslim art is one of the most demanded and old forms of art in the world. Muslims has been working in this field since 7th century. However, when Muslims started conquering other states, they introduced new forms of art and craft there and now they are conquering the peaks of this creativity. Muslims and Islam has always guided people throughout their life in every field. Islam gives us better knowledge to lend a wise and proper life. Islam has given a perspective to us. Today if Muslims are reaching high in this creative field then it is just because of the principles of our prophets and the guidance of Islam. Following of Islamic principles can lend to live a better and happy life and through this one can be able to touch those peaks, which sometimes remained in just imaginations. References M. S. Dimand, (1947), A Handbook of Muhammadan Art, Hartsdale House. New York Robert Irwin. Irwin Islamic Art: Art, Architecture and the Literary World. Laurence King 1997.

Business Operations Strategies Essay

Cost Leadership- Cost Leadership is a way of getting a competitive advantage by finding the most efficient way of manufacturing the good or delivering the service in the industry. A cost leadership strategy is where a business aims to be the lowest cost manufacturer within its industry. Low costs can be achieved through economies of scale in production and distribution, access to cheaper raw materials or inventing an innovative way of producing a product. Visibility- Operations can be influenced with something such as what they can see from the operations in action. Service based businesses will have a higher based level of visibility, while customers will rarely see the operations process of a manufacturing based business. The implications for operations of a highly visible operations process are that the quality of labour will be significant. Operations will generally need to have well trained, highly skilled, adaptable staff that are able and willing to deal with the individual needs of customers. A close relationship with human resource will be essential. Speed is also a crucial factor in operations as customers usually have a much lower tolerance for waiting. Short time lags are important in operations between the customer ordering and the delivery. Otherwise the customer may get sick of waiting and move onto a competitor. Overheard costs- This refers to the ongoing expenses of an operating business. Overhead expenses are all costs on the income statement except for direct labour, direct materials & direct expenses. Overhead expenses include accounting fees, advertising, depreciation, insurance, interest, legal fees, rent, repairs, supplies, taxes, telephone bills, travel and utilities costs. Over-head costs can be classes under four titles such as Functional classification, Classification on the nature of expenditure Element-wise classification and Classification on behaviour of expenditure. Globalisation- Gives the consumer the opportunity to purchase products from the business will provide them with the best value for money. Globalisation is the integration of different national economies into a single market where goods and services can be traded easily. This can increase the flow of goods, services, people, finance, and information around the world. It refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people, and economic activity. Cost Based Competition- A business can keep it competitive edge by structuring a cost based competition with other businesses. A business can gain price advantage over its competitors by using operational strategies that lower costs. In this approach a business can reduce its prices lower than its rivals. This should increase the profit of sales and market share. Supply Chain Management The supply chain management includes all the businesses directly linked to one another to supply goods and services to one another. This is useful in way of a business being able to consume various resources necessary to produce a good or supply a service. Good suppliers are to be found that can provide good inputs with the best price and reliability. Technology Technology is the equipment and knowledge that are available to help businesses perform certain functions or make products. Technology is very important and very crucial in businesses. The most significant influence is on businesses that fail to keep up with the progress in technology by hanging onto equipment or operation methods where competitors have released new technology giving them an advantage. Adapting new technologies may make a business more competitive if the technology is widely adopted but it prevents the loss of competitiveness. Government based policies Government policies can be a very important influence on the operations functions of a business. They can impact on the operations function include regulation, subsidies and grants, and taxes and tariffs that encourage or discourage aspects of operations or ways the operations functions are conducted. Corporate and Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility refers to the relationship between business and the broad society and the way its relationship is perceived and managed. The focus of the responsibility is to ensure the business activities have a positive impact on society and the stakeholders in the business. These days the community have high expectations about the behaviour and the behaviour of a business. Volume Volume is that amount of a product that is produced. Sometimes a business will be better off producing more than what is needed to ensure they will have the products ready to be sold. This can work out to be cheaper in ways of getting the products made in bulk, this can be both convenient for the buyer and the seller. An example of this would be Dominos pizza. If they have their pizzas already made and cooked for people, it would be more convenient for them to just walk in and buy it straight out of the oven rather than ordering the pizza and having to wait for the usual waiting period. Quality expectations A business that is customer focussed will try to produce goods and services that will satisfy the desires of its customers. Customers always have their own idea of how a product should be and what quality it should be at. The business must keep their intentions in mind. An example of this would be at JB HIFI. A woman wants to buy a pair of ear phones. She enters the shop intending to buy a $20 headset but the shop does not have the product in her price range, the woman ends up disappointed and goes to another shop. Sequencing and Scheduling These are tools that are used to identify all steps in operations process and organise them into the most efficient way and order to complete. A key role of operations when scheduling and sequencing is to perform a detailed task analysis to determine the different parts of the entire process of making a good or providing a service. There are many factors come under scheduling and sequencing such as- What production and activities are used. – When a particular activity will occur. – How long an activity will take to finish. – What activities are independent and can therefore occur at the same time. – What activities are related so that one can occur before the other – What resources will be used etc. Legal Regulations Legal regulations are a very important influence on any business. It impacts on the operations functions of a business. Legal regulations are laws that regulate the ways things can be done. They are also important because of the potentially dangerous aspects with the use of the equipment in the business. Each State Government Have legal regulations that govern the behaviour of the employer and the employee in the work place, it is a legal requirement to provide a safe working environment. Logistics Logistics are a massive part of the functions of a business. It is a crucial aspect of the supply chain management. Logistics is important because it can be part of a source of a competitive advantage if a business can do their logistics activities more cheaply than their competitors. An example of this would be when Woolworths spent billions of dollars on overhauling their entire distribution system. This is what gave them their competitive edge over Coles. E Commerce This is one of the fastest growing aspects of supply chain management. The term E-commerce refers to the use of the internet for all aspects of commercial transactions. An example of this would be EBay. This is a website where you can buy and sell your own personal items. Businesses also use this site to sell their products too. This gives them a wider range to sell their products to all over the world. Global Sourcing Global sourcing is important in the supply chain of management because businesses are increasingly seeking raw material and component parts wherever they are cheapest. Buying and selling raw materials around the world is very useful in ways of saving money and making money. Buying raw materials from other countries may work out to be cheaper than to buy the products from the country the business is based at. Outsourcing Outsourcing is a very significant in the development in current business practises. It is a supply chain of management strategy that can provide very significant value to a business. Outsourcing is the term used when goods and services that would normally be part of the business are obtained outside of the business. Inventory Inventory is an area of operations that is undergoing significant change. It is often called stock and refers to the store of transformed resources waiting to be processed. To have an inventory can be very useful in the case of having an impulse of buyers. Having the stock already produced and ready for sale will be convenient for both the buyer and the seller. Economies of Scale (EOS) This is when the managers of a business design a factory to conduct the transformation process. They have to make the decision as to the capacity volume. Economies of scale in other words mean the expansion of a business to minimise costs through the use of high volume and production. An example of this would be Wal-Mart, they are a massive franchise and are expanding all over the world. Product differentiation The Product differentiation strategy and is a very different way of developing a competitive advantage. A product differentiation is concerned with developing products that are different from their competitors because they have benefits or attributes a customer values. This means that customers will be willing to pay more for a differentiated product. Visibility Customers appreciate being able to see what they buy and try it out before they get the product. This is an approach of having good customer service from the staff showing off the product to the interested customer. An example of this is at Athletes foot. The customer enters the shop and immediately gets attended from staff. The staff will then assist the customer in trying and showing the customer what he/she is interested in. Customer Service Customer serive is a massive part of running a successful business. With helpful staff that is able to assist you, this makes things much easier for the customer and will make them more willing to buy the product. So either way with this approach everybody wins depending on how well the customer service. Flexibility When a business is manufacturing a product or delivering a service in a dynamic environment the ability to change is important. A business must have the ability to make changes to suit the changes to keep up its competitive edge and keep up with the game. Flexibility is important for every business because businesses can fall behind and lose track of what else is happening within other businesses. Warranties Warranties are very important to customers. Potential customers often find that a number of competing products will effectively meet their needs. This is to do with products such as cars and white goods such as refrigerators, televisions etc. Warranties become an important part of the consideration in the customer’s choice. Speed Speed is a major factor within running a successful business. Customers appreciate quick service and prefer to be in and out of the shop as quick as possible. Speed refers to the time difference between a customer’s request for a good or a service to when it is actually received. Control Dependability Dependability is an important performance objective for many businesses. It means that the business is consistently good in its quality and its performance. This is a key performance indicator for all businesses. Having a dependable business will keep customers coming back for more, and will keep people talking about the reliability of the business. Environmental Sustainability Environmental sustainability is a massive concern to both the wider world and the community and of what the business has of impact on the environment. It is the ability to maintain the qualities that are values in the physical environment. – Climate chance, Water, Waste etc. Quality Assurance Quality assurance involves establishing and using a set of procedures and/or processes that will prevent product defects from occurring in delivering services. Global factors There are a number of global factors that influence operations strategies. They include global sourcing, economies of scale, scanning and learning and research and development. Global sourcing is where products are acquired outside the home country and are bought from overseas for cheaper sales. Scanning and Learning This is the competitive global environment within which many large businesses operate which is constantly changing. Technology as an example is changing at a very fast rate. Businesses need to scan and learn off other businesses what is going on in the market of other businesses.